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IB Biology HL > 8 metabolism > Flashcards

8 metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a metabolic pathway

A

any chain or cycle of linked reactions catlaysed by enzymes

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2
Q

types of enzyme inhibitor

A

competitive: binds to active site
non competitive: binds to enzyme

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3
Q

what is Vmax

A

maximum rate

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4
Q

in competitive inhibition what happens to Vmax that doesnt happen in non competitive inhibition

A

eventually the same as reaction without inhibitor.

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5
Q

which inhibitor is chemically similar to the substrate

A

competitive

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6
Q

which inhibitor doesnt bind to but changes shae of active site

A

competitive

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7
Q

what is allosteric inhibition

A

a form of non competitive inhibition

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8
Q

what is an allosteric site

A

a binding site on the surface of an enzyme other than the active site. In the end-product inhibition, the product of the last reaction of an enzyme binds to the allosteric site.

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9
Q

what happens when the inhibitor binds to an allosteric site in non competitive inhibition

A

it blocks the acitivity

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10
Q

what happens when a regulatory molecule binds to the allosteric site

A

the overall conformation of the enzyme changes

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11
Q

Which disease is caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum?

A

malaria

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12
Q

Which of the following is the correct explanation of how databases are used to identify potential new antimalarial drugs?

A

Databases with Plasmodium falciparum genome and protein sequence information were used to screen chemicals for possible interactions before starting lab research.

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13
Q

In most enzyme-catalysed reactions, you will measure any one of these:

A

The time taken for a particular substrate to be used up
The time taken for a specific product to be made
Amount (mass or volume) of substrate used up over a specific amount of time
Amount (mass or volume) of product made over a specific amount of time.

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14
Q

enzyme reactions formula

A

Rate (s -1 ) = 1/ t (where t is the time taken in seconds)

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15
Q

enzyme reactions graph

A

tempeartue along X AXIS (iv)
mean rate of decolourisation along Y AXIS (dv)

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16
Q

equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + E (ATP+heat)

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17
Q

define cell respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

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18
Q

R where does glycolysis happen

A

cytoplasm

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19
Q

R where does the link reaction happen

A

mitochondrial matrix

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20
Q

R where does the krebs cycle happen

A

mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

R where is the electron transport chain

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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22
Q

R four stages of respiration

A

phosphorylation

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23
Q

R four stages of respiration

A

phosphorylation
lysis
oxidation
atp formation

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24
Q

R phosphorylation

A

cell uses ATP to phosphorylate hexose sugar (glucose) making hexose biphosphate

ATP adds a phosphate to intermediate compounds to make them unstable and likely to react

25
Q

R lysis

A

hexose is split in half to make two triose sugars

26
Q

R oxidation (in respiration)

A

each triose loses electrons and hydrogens
these are transferred to NAD+ to make NADH and H+

27
Q

R ATP formation

A

ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation
2 pyravates are made

28
Q

R net energy yield per glucose molecule

A

2 ATP plus 2 NADH + H+
(oxygen not required)

29
Q

R how is each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA (link reaction)

A

pyruvate is decarboxlated (CO2 released)
pyruvate is oxidized
- NAD+ gets reduced as follows:
NAD+ –> NADH + H+
NADH is an electron carrier

30
Q

R what comes first link or krebs

A

link reaction then krebs cycle

31
Q

R for each CoA that enters in the krebs cycle:

A

3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH
1 FAD reduced to FADH2
1 ATP molecule produced

32
Q

R where is the ETC

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

33
Q

R what does the ETC do

A

carry electrons from carrier molecules (NADH and FADH2) down to oxygen
- uses electron energy to pump H+ (protons) into the intermembrane space
- creates a proton gradient that allows for

34
Q

R chemiosis

A

production of ATP when protons diffuse through ATP synthase back into the matriz

35
Q

R waht is the process of making ATP called

A

oxidative phosphorylation (uses oxygen as final electron acceptor)

36
Q

R what is the final electrona cceptor

A

oxygen gets reduced to H2O
helps maintain the hydrogen ion gradient

37
Q

R ATP –>

A

ADP + Pi

38
Q

R redox of NADH

A

NAD - oxidised
H - reduced

39
Q

R what does NADP concern

A

photosynthesis

40
Q

R reduction in respiration

A

makes 4 ATP
uses 2 ATP
so 2 NADH + H+
(electrons transferred from NAD+ to NADH + H+

41
Q

R what provides the energy to atp synthase

A

the combination of the etc and the gradient of hydrogen ions. enables the mitochondria to produce ATP

42
Q

R what does oxygen also do in the etc

A

As the last electron acceptor of the ETC, oxygen also helps in maintaining the hydrogen gradient in the matrix by binding with the free protons to form water. Oxygen accepts electrons and binds protons at the same time to form water.

43
Q

R how many atp molecules does NADH give rise to

A

three

44
Q

R how many atp molecules does FADH2 give rise to

A

two

45
Q

R why does FADH2 generate fewer ATP molecules

A

it donates its electrons to the etc at a later step

46
Q

R what does the inner mitochondrial membrane fold to give

A

cristae, and an increased surface area.

47
Q

R reduced FAD and NAD+ temporarily store…

A

energy that is released during oxidation reactions of glycolysis, link reaction and krebs

48
Q

R whats the last protein complex in the etc

A

cytochrome oxidase where the electrons are combined with oxygen and hydrogen to form water. as oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor, this process is also called oxidatice phosphorylation.

49
Q

R as the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to protons,

A

this results in the development of a high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space (higher than the matrix). the potential energy in the gradient is used by atp synthase to make atp. this process is also referred to a chemiosmosis because it involves the movement of ions (protons) across a membrane

50
Q

P stages of photosynthesis

A

light dependent reaction
light independent reaction

51
Q

P in which stage does non cyclic photophorylation happen

A

lds

52
Q

P in what stage does cyclic phosphoryaltion happen

A

lis

53
Q

P where does lds occur

A

thykloid membrane

54
Q

P where does lis occur

A

stoma

55
Q

P photosynthsis equation

A

2H20 –> 4H+ + O2 + 4e-

56
Q

P electron carrier in photosynthesis

A

NADP

57
Q

which method provides biochemical evidence that cells have begun to differentiate

A

observation with an electron microscope

58
Q

where does decompoisition of breoth microbes not happen

A

in flasks that are boiled and then sealed or not sealed

IB Biology HL (15 decks)

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