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IB Biology HL > 4 ecology > Flashcards

4 ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

habitat

A

the type of environment in which an organism or groupn ormally lives

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2
Q

food chain

A

a series of steps in whcih organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

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3
Q

community

A

a group of interdependent organisms in habiting the same region and interacting with each other

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4
Q

detritivore

A

an organism that ingests non living organic matter

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5
Q

heterotroph

A

an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms

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6
Q

consumer

A

an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed

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7
Q

autotroph

A

an organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances

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8
Q

ecosystem

A

a community of organisms and their abiotic environment

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9
Q

food web

A

a complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy between interdependent organisms

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10
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that can interbreeed and produce fertile offspring

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11
Q

ecology

A

the study of relationships between living organisms and their environment

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12
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time

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13
Q

saprotroph

A

an organism that lvies on or in non living organi matter, secreting digestive enzymes and absorbing digested products

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14
Q

trophic level

A

the feeding level in a food web defined by the number of energy transfers away from the orgiinal source of energy

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15
Q

species

A

a group of genetically similar living organisms that are able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Fertile offspring are those which can in turn interbreed and pass on their genes to another generation.

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16
Q

autorophs

A

Organisms that are capable of making their own complex organic molecules from carbon dioxide and other simple compounds are called autotrophs

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17
Q

heterotrophs

A

Organisms that obtain their organic compounds through feeding on other organisms are called heterotrophs.

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18
Q

bacteria method of obtaining org molecules

A

Some autotrophic and some heterotrophic

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19
Q

protocista method of obtaining org molecules

A

some autotrophicn and some heterotrophic

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20
Q

fungi method of obtaining org molecules

A

heterotrophic

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21
Q

plantae method of obtaining org molecules

A

mostly autotrophic

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22
Q

animals method of obtaining org molecules

A

heterotrophic

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23
Q

ingestin

A

the taking in of a substance

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24
Q

Detritivores

A

heterotrophs that obtain their organic nutrients from detritus, which is waste or other organic debris, by internal digestion.
organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on dead organic material and breaking it into smaller organic molecules.

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25
Q

Symbiosis means

A

‘living together’ and refers to the following outcomes of interactions between populations.

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26
Q

mutalism

A

a type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.

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27
Q

Commensalism is a type of

A

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

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28
Q

Parasitism is a type of

A

symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

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29
Q

whats an ecosystem

A

a community interacting wit its abiotic environment

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30
Q

if sea organisms cant get the sun’s energt what can they use

A

chemical energy

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31
Q

nutrient cycling

A

helps to move organic molecules and minerals through the food chain and back into the soil where they can be taken up by plants to re-enter the food chain.

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32
Q

mesocosm

A

an experimental tool that allows the experimenter to control the conditions in a small part of the natural environment. It can act as a model of a larger ecosystem, in which energy enters and leaves but matter does not.

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33
Q

adv of mesocosms

A

Treatments are easily replicated.
The effect of several environmental factors can be tested.
Food webs can be established.
Direct and indirect effects can be studied.
Contamination influence can be evaluated.
Constants can be controlled to see the effect of one environmental factor at a time.
The sustainability of an ecosystem can be tested.

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34
Q

types of mesocosm

A

aquatic and terrestial

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35
Q

chi sq

A

a statistical test to better understand communities and whether two populations are associated and dependent upon each other or not.

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36
Q

null hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that states that there is no association between the two populations being tested in the chi-squared test.

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37
Q

what type of data for chi sq

A

categorical

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38
Q

ecological frequency

A

the number of times a plant species occurs in a given number of quadrats. Frequency is usually expressed as a percentage and is sometimes called a Frequency Index.

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39
Q

how do you calculate expected freq

A

multiplying the row total by column total and dividing by the grand total

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40
Q

chi sq formula

A

x2=Σ (O−E)/2E

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41
Q

Random sampling

A

necessary in order to obtain data that is random and unbiased.

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42
Q

X 2 calculated >X 2 critical:

A

H 0 is rejected and the variables are associated

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43
Q

X 2 calculated ≤ X 2 critical:

A

H 0 is accepted and the variables are not associated

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44
Q

The degrees of freedom is calculated by multiplying

A

the number of rows minus one by the number of columns minus one.

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45
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6H2O+6CO2+Energy from the Sun→C6H12O6+6O2

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46
Q

respiration formula

A

6O2+C6H12O6→Energy in the form of ATP→6H2O+6CO2

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47
Q

what coudl energy from carbon compounds be used for

A

Nucleic acid and protein synthesis
Ion exchange across membranes
Cell division for reproduction, growth and repair
Movement of components within cells.

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48
Q

energy transfer between trophic levels

A

between 10 to 20%

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49
Q

how is energy lost in trophic levels

A

movement, excretory products, faeces, heat and unconsumed materials

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50
Q

biomass

A

the mass of dried organic material which can be used as fuel in an ecosystem, expressed in terms of dry weight per unit area.

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51
Q

why does carbon accumulate at the bottom

A

its heavier than other components in the atmosphere

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52
Q

as pressure increases, the solubility of CO2

A

increases

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53
Q

CO2 combines with water to form

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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54
Q

carbonic acid

A

is the molecule that forms when CO2 combines with water. This molecule is unstable and dissociates easily in water into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO3-). The H+ that are released in this dissociation lower the pH of the water (makes it more acidic).

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55
Q

Land plants take up carbon dioxide as a gas through

A

their stomata

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56
Q

In aquatic plants, dissolved carbon dioxide enters how

A

diffuses into the leaves from the environment

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57
Q

In aquatic ecosystems carbon is present as:

A

Dissolved CO2 ​and bicarbonate ions

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58
Q

methane

A

a carbon molecule which is produced in anoxic conditions and can oxidise into carbon dioxide and water.

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59
Q

what produces methane from organic matter under anaerobic conditions

A

methanogenic archeans

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60
Q

methanogenic archeans

A

bacteria that are found in several anoxic environments and produce methane as part of the carbon cycle.

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61
Q

ruminants

A

mammals that have a mutualistic relationship with methanogenic archaeans that help them to digest cellulose from the cell walls in the plants they eat. This creates methane, which is released as gas from the mammal.

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62
Q

whats acetogenesis

A

Organic matter is first changed to organic acids and alcohol, such as ethanol, by a group of bacteria

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63
Q

hydrolysis by ruminants

A

Ruminants chew on plants breaking down the molecules, such as some carbohydrates, into smaller monomers (using their saliva)

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64
Q

Acidogenesis

A

the chemical process in which bacteria convert organic matter into organic acids and alcohol.

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65
Q

Acetogenesis

A

the chemical process in which bacteria convert organic acids and alcohol into acetate.

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66
Q

Methanogenesis

A

the chemical process in which methanogenic bacteria can produce methane through the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen or through the breakdown of acetate.

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67
Q

how is peat formed

A

when organic matter is not fully decomposed because of acidic and/or anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils.

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68
Q

what is peat

A

partially digested organic matter that forms in acidic, water-saturated soil. Peat contains large amounts of carbon and can be compressed into coal after time.

69
Q

uses of peat

A

As a substitute for firewood for cooking and heating
To increase the moisture holding capacity of soil (that is rich in sand particles) in horticulture
To increase the water infiltration rate of soils rich in clay particles
To acidify soils for specific pot plants.

70
Q

Methanogens are archaea that are:

A

Anaerobic organisms that obtain energy through the synthesis of methane from CO2 and H2 or acetate.

71
Q

conditions required for peat formation

A

acidic conditions
lowpH
anaerobic condiitons (no O2)

72
Q

fossil fuels

A

organic material that has been compressed over time, to form coal, oil and gas.

73
Q

combustioin

A

a process of burning which releases CO 2 from organic material such as fossil fuels or biomass.

74
Q

Calcium carbonate –

A

CaCO3 – an important source of carbon in the environment which makes up shells and exoskeletons and can eventually become porous sedimentary rock such as limestone.

75
Q

what does calcium carbonate dissolve in

A

acid but not alkali

76
Q

resevoir

A

a place where a certain element, such as carbon, has accumulated or pooled. Also, known as a sink when discussing nutrient cycling.

77
Q

When carbon moves from one reservoir, or sink , to another it is called a

A

flux

78
Q

flux

A

the process that moves an element from one reservoir or sink to another.

79
Q

lithiosphere

A

the portion of the Earth that consists of the crust and upper mantle.

80
Q

hydrosphere

A

the portion of the Earth that consists of water including oceans, lakes, ponds and rivers.

81
Q

biota

A

the portion of the Earth that consists of the living organisms.

82
Q

atomosphere

A

the layer of gases surrounding the Earth.

83
Q

unit for carbon

A

the unit is gigatonnes (Gt): 10 15 g

84
Q

For carbon, the cycling process involves:

A

A reservoir

An exchange pool

A biotic communityFor carbon, the cycling process involves:

85
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

gases found in the atmosphere such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides, that contribute to the greenhouse effect.

86
Q

water vapour

A

water found in the atmosphere in a gaseous form. It is the most abundant greenhouse gas.

87
Q

carbon dioxide

A

a gas found in the atmosphere that is a main greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere by respiration and decomposition as well as burning of biomass and combustion of fossil fuels. It is taken out of the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis and absorption by water.

88
Q

methane

A

a gas found in the atmosphere that is produced from methanogenic ruminant bacteria and saprotrophic bacteria.

89
Q

nitrous oxides

A

a greenhouse gas that is formed both naturally and by humans, mainly through farming, industry and combustion of fossil fuels.

90
Q

Two factors that determine how much a greenhouse gas will contribute to global warming are ______ ; Your answer here;and ______ ; Your answer here;.

A

Ability to absorb longwave radiation/abundance in atmosphere

91
Q

summary of the greenhouse effect

A
  1. Solar radiation, from the sun, spans the electromagnetic spectrum from approximately 100 to 4 000 nanometres (nm), with visible light comprising about 44% of its emissions. After passing through the ozone layer , the layer of the atmosphere that blocks UV radiation but is not considered a greenhouse gas, only short-wavelength radiation from the sun reaches the Earth’s surface. Some of the short-wavelength radiation is reflected, but most passes through the greenhouse gases to the Earth’s surface.
  2. The Earth absorbs some of this shortwave radiation while some is reflected. This absorbed radiation is then re-emitted, mainly as infrared (heat) , which is a longwave radiation (with a peak around 10 000 nm).
92
Q

radiation

A

energy that may be a subatomic particle, for example an electron (gamma rays) or in the form of an electromagnetic wave, for example ultraviolet radiation.

93
Q

solar radiation

A

energy from the sun that comes in the form of electromagnetic waves. This includes many types of waves such as visible light or ultraviolet light.

94
Q

ozone layer

A

O 3 – is a layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation coming from the sun. It is not considered a greenhouse gas because it does not absorb longwave radiation.

95
Q

UV radiation

A

ultraviolet radiation is a type of shortwave radiation coming from the sun, but is filtered out by the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

96
Q

Long-wavelength radiation

A

also known as infrared light, a type of radiation that is emitted from the Earth and its atmosphere. Examples include, microwaves and radiowaves.

97
Q

short wave radiation

A

this type of radiation comes from the sun in the form of visible light and ultraviolet light. It is absorbed by the Earth and re-emitted as long-wavelength radiation.

98
Q

Infrared –

A

this type of long-wavelength radiation is given off from the Earth in the form of heat.

99
Q

global warming

A

the warming of the Earth and its atmosphere due to the intensified greenhouse effect.

100
Q

Why are oxides of nitrogen classed as greenhouse gases?

A

Oxides of nitrogen trap some of the longwave radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface.

101
Q

The Earth ________ short-wavelength radiation from the sun and ______ long-wavelength radiation.

A

absorbs short wave
emits long wave

102
Q

rise in temp effect on climate change

A

Higher global averages mean that the total amount of water that evaporates from oceans and lakes increases. More water in the atmosphere leads to heavier rainfall. Global warming can also have substantial effects on wind and ocean currents causing stronger hurricanes and typhoons.

103
Q

rise in temp effect on rising seawater

A

Another consequence of the increased global temperature is the rising seawater temperature and the melting effect on the polar ice caps and glaciers around the world.

104
Q

rise in temp effect on loss of habitat

A

The polar ice caps and glaciers are melting, decreasing ice habitats for some arctic organisms. Also, when these ice caps melt they cause a rise in sea levels, as mentioned above, destroying coastal habitats.

105
Q

rise in temp effect on biotic factors

A

The warming of any habitat would change the species that live in the area and can cause changes to migratory patterns. Temperate species move into warmer arctic areas and compete with the arctic species. Arctic species need to adapt to competition and the change in temperature or emigrate to a new habitat. This would cause a change in the distribution of species, possibly a decrease in population sizes and, in extreme cases, extinction of species. As you learned in subtopic 4.2 , changes such as these could have severe impacts on the food chains of an ecosystem disrupting the food web and having a large impact on organisms in higher trophic levels. Other effects on the biota may be an increase in decomposition due to melting permafrost, which exposes saprotrophic bacteria to oxygen, releases methane, and, with an increase in temperature and moisture there will be an increase in pest species and pathogens.

106
Q

Precautionary principle

A

also known as the burden of proof, this principle states that even without concrete evidence of a causal relationship, precautionary measures should be taken to ensure that humans are not causing detrimental harm to the environment or human health.

107
Q

Precautionary principle

A

also known as the burden of proof, this principle states that even without concrete evidence of a causal relationship, precautionary measures should be taken to ensure that humans are not causing detrimental harm to the environment or human health.

108
Q

If humans start to see devastating effects in the environment, such as melting ice caps, but not clear evidence suggesting that it is caused by human action, such as the burning of fossil fuels, which statement about the precautionary principle would be appropriate?

A

Because it is probable that combustion of fossil fuels are causing devastating environmental effects, people should be educated on the consequences and laws that require cleaner filtering systems for industries.

109
Q

coral reefs

A

a ridge in the ocean where living coral polyps attach and secrete calcium carbonate. Coral reefs are typically very diverse places found in warm shallow waters.

110
Q

Ocean acidification –

A

the drop in pH of the ocean due to the absorption of carbon dioxide, which forms carbonic acid. The H+ ions become dissociated from carbonic acid causing the water to become acidic.

111
Q

Calcification –

A

the process used by molluscs, crustaceans, and corals to build their shells and exoskeletons using calcium carbonate.

112
Q

nutrient cycle

A

soil
some nutreints lost due to leaching
some nutreints added as rock is weathered

biomass
nutrients taken up by plants
plants and organisms die

litter
layer of vegetation in surface of soil
nutrients released as plants rot

113
Q

what is nutrient cycling

A

helps to move organic molecules and minerals through the food chain and back into the soil where they can be taken up by plants to re-enter the food chain.

114
Q

whats a mesocosm

A

an experimental tool that allows the experimenter to control the conditions in a small part of the natural environment. It can act as a model of a larger ecosystem, in which energy enters and leaves but matter does not.

a tool used to model ecosystems in order to monitor and evaluate variables.

115
Q

adv of using a mesocosm as an experimental tool

A

Treatments are easily replicated.
The effect of several environmental factors can be tested.
Food webs can be established.
Direct and indirect effects can be studied.
Contamination influence can be evaluated.
Constants can be controlled to see the effect of one environmental factor at a time.
The sustainability of an ecosystem can be tested.

116
Q

types of mesocoms

A

aquatic and terrestial

117
Q

what should you use as a mesocosm

A

sealed glass vessels

118
Q

what does chi squared test

A

how likely it is that an obsered distribution is due to chance

119
Q

what does the chi squared test test

A

null hypothesis (are the variables independent of eachother)

120
Q

chi sq test

A

a statistical test to better understand communities and whether two populations are associated and dependent upon each other or not.

121
Q

what type of data is used with chi sq test

A

categorical data (not linear but seperated into categories)

122
Q

what is ecological frequency

A

the number of times a plant species occurs in a given number of quadrats. Frequency is usually expressed as a percentage and is sometimes called a Frequency Index.

123
Q

how to calcualte ecological frequency

A

row total x column total
———————————- = exp freq
grand total

124
Q

whats expected frequency

A

the number of quadrats a population is expected to occupy in an area.

125
Q

how to carry out chi sq

A

state null hypothesis (that two varibels are independent and unrelated)
state alternate hypothesis
calcualte degrees of freedom (no rows -1 x no columns -1
read the significance level at 5%

126
Q

if the p value is less than 0.05 or 5%

A

then the variables are dependent or associated

127
Q

if the p value is more than 0.05 or 5%

A

variables are independent or not associated

128
Q

X 2 calculated >X 2 critical:

A

H 0 is rejected and the variables are associated

129
Q

X 2 calculated ≤ X 2 critical:

A

H 0 is accepted and the variables are not associated

130
Q

limitations of chi sq

A

The chi-squared test can only be used for categorical data.
The data must be raw data counts, not percentages, continuous data, or derived data.
The chi-squared test is not valid if the sample size is a small value, for example, one organism.
The chi-squared test cannot tell you what the association between the variables is, only if there is one.

131
Q

random sampling

A

necessary in order to obtain data that is random and unbiased.

132
Q

what causes the struggle or surival in populations

A

When there are too many individuals in a population (caused by overproduction of offspring) there is not enough sustenance or space to support the whole population This causes the struggle for survival.

133
Q

in what type of porous rock would you expect to find high amoutns of calcium carbonate from the shells of molluscs and exoskeletons of crustaceans

A

sediemtnary rock
limestone

134
Q

what is recycled in an ecosystem

A

carbon and nutreitns but not energy

135
Q

Graphs illustrating the change in global temperatures over time often have many peaks and troughs. Suggest a term you could use to describe these peaks and troughs.

A

fluctuations

136
Q

In a diagram showing a pyramid of biomass there may be another block on the primary consumer level in addition to herbivores. What does this additional block represent?

A

decomposers

137
Q

Why are oxides of nitrogen (NOx) classed as greenhouse gases?

A

they trap some of the long wave radiation emitted by the earths surface. For a gas to contribute to the greenhouse effect it has to have the following property: it has to absorb longer wavelength radiation. Two other gases, methane and nitrous oxides (NO2 and NO) have that property and contribute. Please also refer to the section 4.4.2 for the explanation.

138
Q

aim of setting up a mesocosm

A

establishing sustainability in the mesocosm

139
Q

outline the criteria that should be used to assess whether a group of organismsi s a species

A

a organisms can potentially interbreed;
b to produce fertile offspring;
c same sequence of genes (on chromosomes) / same types of chromosomes;
d similar traits/phenotype/WTTE;
e same chromosome number/karyotype;

140
Q

disucss the changes that occur in gene pools during speciation

A

a gene pool is all genes/alleles in an (interbreeding) population;
b gene pool splits/divides/separated during speciation;
c due to reproductive isolation (of groups within a species);
d temporal/behavioral/geographic isolation (can cause reproductive isolation);
e divergence of gene pools;
f allele frequencies change;
g natural selection different (in the isolated groups so there is divergence);
h different (random) mutations occur (in the isolated populations so there is divergence);
i speciation has occurred when differences between populations prevent interbreeding

141
Q

discuss the process, including potential risks and benefits, of using bacteria to genetically modify plant crop species

A

Process:
a genetic modification by gene transfer between species;
b gene/Bt gene/DNA segment transferred from bacterium to plant/crop;
c gene/DNA codes for/responsible for desired protein/gene product;
d bacteria have/produce plasmids / gene/DNA inserted into plasmid;
e using restriction enzymes/endonucleases to cut DNA;
f using DNA ligase to join DNA;
g bacterium transfers (modified) plasmid to plant cell;
Benefits:
h increase crop yields / more food produced / less land needed to grow food;
i increase pest/disease resistance / use less pesticides/insecticides/fungicides;
j improves crops to be more nutritious/increased vitamin content;
k increased tolerance to saline soils/drought/high temperatures/low temperatures;
Risks:
l GM organisms could spread to sites (where they will cause harm);
m transferred gene could spread to other species / spread of herbicide resistance to
weeds;
n GM crops that produce pesticide could kill non-pest insects/monarch butterflies / insect
pests could develop resistance to pesticides/insecticides/Bt toxin

142
Q

proteome

A

the entire set of proteins expressed by an organism at a certain time

143
Q

how do you get rid of CO2

A

boil and cool the water

144
Q

function of dna polymerase I

A

remove rna primer and replace it with dna

145
Q

r group interactions stabilize…

A

further foldings of a polypeptide into teritary structure

146
Q

how is the kidney involved in osmoregulation

A

a osmoregulation is regulation of water and solute/salt balance/solute concentrations;
b nephron (is the functional unit of the kidney/osmoregulates);
c ultrafiltration in glomerulus / glomerular filtrate collected by Bowman’s capsule;
d loop of Henle establishes/maintains hypertonic conditions in medulla;
e osmosis/reabsorption of water (from filtrate) in the collecting duct;
f brain/hypothalamus monitors blood solute concentration / pituitary secretes ADH;
g ADH secreted when solute concentration of blood is too high/hypertonic/when dehydrated;
h ADH increases permeability of collecting duct to water;
i ADH causes more aquaporins (in membranes of collecting duct wall cells);
j more water reabsorbed resulting in more concentrated/hypertonic urine/less volume of
urine;
k less/no ADH secreted when solute concentration (of blood) is too low/hypotonic;
l less water reabsorbed resulting in dilute/hypotonic urine/large volume of urine

147
Q

describe the processes that cause water to move from the roots of plants to their leaves

A

a water moved/transported in xylem vessels;
b transported under tension/suction/pulled up (in xylem vessels);
c transpiration/loss of water (vapour) generates pulling forces/low pressure/tension;
d tension/pull generated when water evaporates from cell walls (in mesophyll);
e transpiration is loss of water vapour from leaf (surface)/stomata;
f cohesivity/cohesion in water due to hydrogen bonding/attractions between water
molecules;
g cohesion/WTTE so chain/column of water (molecules) doesn’t break/remains continuous;
h transpiration stream is a column of/flow of water in xylem from roots to leaves;

148
Q

explain how polypeptides are produced by this process of translation

A

a mRNA is translated;
b mRNA binds with ribosome/with small subunit of
ribosome;
c tRNA-activating enzymes/aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
attach specific amino acid to tRNA;
d anticodon of 3 bases/nucleotides on tRNA;
e start codon/AUG on mRNA;
f tRNA carrying first amino acid/methionine binds to
P/peptidyl site (when large subunit binds);
g anticodon (on tRNA) binds to codon (on mRNA);
h complementary base pairing (between codon and
anticodon);
i tRNA for next codon binds to A site/amino acyl site;
j peptide bond forms between amino acids (on tRNAs)
at P and A sites;
k ribosome moves along mRNA to next codon/by three
bases/in 5’ to 3’direction;
l tRNA released from E/exit site;
m process/cycle repeats to elongate the polypeptide/until
stop codon is reached;
n release of polypeptide and mRNA/disassembly of
ribosome complex at stop codon;

149
Q

outline how the roteins are digested and products of protein digeston absorbed in humans

A

a digested by peptidases/proteases;
b pepsin/pepsinogen/endopeptidase secreted by
stomach (lining)/digests proteins in stomach;
c pancreas secretes/pancreatic juice contains
endopeptidase/trypsin/peptidase;
d endopeptidase digest proteins/polypeptides to shorter
chains of amino acids/shorter peptides;
e amino acids absorbed by active uptake/transport;
f in small intestine/ileum;
g villi increase the surface area for absorption;
h absorbed into bloodstream/into capillaries;

150
Q

Ecological role of saprotrophic bacteria

A

To digest dead organic matter and release nutrients from it

151
Q

What type of organisms obtains nutrients from internal digestion of materials such as shed skin, hair, leaves, feathers etc

A

Detritivores

152
Q

Ecosysten

A

Community and it’s abiotic environment

153
Q

What is a hybrid

A

An organism that is the offspring of two different species. The two parent species must be closely related, but often have different chromosome numbers, leading to an odd number of chromosomes in the hybrid offspring

154
Q

What is recycled in an ecosystem

A

Carbon, nitrogen not energy

155
Q

What is the aim of setting up a mesocosm

A

Establishing sustainability in the mesocosm

156
Q

Methanogenic archaeans –

A

bacteria that are found in several anoxic environments and produce methane as part of the carbon cycle.

157
Q

ruminants

A

mammals that have a mutualistic relationship with methanogenic archaeans that help them to digest cellulose from the cell walls in the plants they eat. This creates methane, which is released as gas from the mammal.

158
Q

whatproduces vast amounts of methane

A

The gut bacteria in ruminants and other herbivores produce vast amounts of methane, which is released into the atmosphere.

159
Q

stages of ruminant digestion

A

hydrolysis (chewing and breaking down molecules like carbs into smaller monomers)
acidogenesis (org matter changed to org acids and alcohol, such as ethanol, by a group of bacteria)
acetogenesis (bacteria convert org acids and alcohol into acetatec co2 and hydrogen)
methanogenesis ( methanogenic bacteria can produce methane either through the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen (1) or through the breakdown of acetate (2), also known as methanogenesis.)

160
Q

hydrolysis

A

the chemical process of breaking large polymers into dimers or monomers using water.

161
Q

acidogenesis

A

the chemical process in which bacteria convert organic matter into organic acids and alcohol.

162
Q

acetogenesis

A

the chemical process in which bacteria convert organic acids and alcohol into acetate.

163
Q

methanogenesis

A

the chemical process in which methanogenic bacteria can produce methane through the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen or through the breakdown of acetate.

164
Q

oxidation of methane

A

Methane is oxidised in the upper layers of the atmosphere through the interaction of methane with hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive. The reaction produces CO2 and water. The complete oxidation of methane to carbon dioxide and water involves several steps and includes several intermediate compounds.

165
Q

is the saprotrophic digestionof dead leaf matter and other organic debris anaerobic or aerobic

A

aerobic

166
Q

how does peat form

A

there are some waterlogged areas where the stagnant water creates an anaerobic (no oxygen present) environment in which the saprotrophs cannot grow. The result is an environment that becomes progressively acidified over time. Any surviving saprotrophs die, and the remaining organic matter is only partially digested. New layers of leaf litter and other organic debris fall on top of this older layer of material, further compressing it. The result is peat. Peat exists across wide areas of our planet and can reach depths of 10m
.

167
Q

uses of peat

A

As a substitute for firewood for cooking and heating
To increase the moisture holding capacity of soil (that is rich in sand particles) in horticulture
To increase the water infiltration rate of soils rich in clay particles
To acidify soils for specific pot plants.

168
Q

waht type of rock is limestone

A

sedimentary or porous rock

IB Biology HL (15 decks)

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