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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction > 8 – Female Reproduction III > Flashcards

8 – Female Reproduction III Flashcards

1
Q

Estrous cycle

A
  • Adjective
  • Period between one estrus and the next
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1
Q

Estrus

A
  • Noun
  • Referred to as heat
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2
Q

Monovular

A
  • Single oocyte per estrous cycle
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3
Q

Polyovular

A
  • More than one oocyte per estrous cycle
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4
Q

Monotocous

A
  • Produce one offspring
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5
Q

Polytocous

A
  • Produce more than one offspring
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6
Q

What 2 cycles are in a mammals reproductive cycle?

A
  • Estrous cycle
  • Menstrual cycle
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7
Q

What are the primary behavioural events during the estrous cycle?

A
  • Sexual receptivity
  • Copulation
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8
Q

If fertilization does NOT occur during estrous cycle

A
  • Another estrous cycle begins
  • Provides female another opportunity to mate and conceive
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9
Q

If fertilization DOES occur during estrous cycle

A
  • Enter a period of anestrus that ends after:
    o Parturition
    o Uterine involution (normal uterus size and function)
    o Lactation
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10
Q

What are 3 types of estrous cyclicity?

A
  1. Polyestrous
  2. Seasonally polyestrous
  3. Monoestrous
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11
Q

Polyestrous

A
  • Uniform distribution of estrous cycles that occur REGULARLY throughout the entire year
  • Ex. cow, pig, rodents
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12
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A
  • Display ‘clusters’ of estrous cycles that occur ONLY during certain SEASON of the year
  • Ex. horses (spring and summer: longer days)
  • Ex. sheep, elk (winter: shorter days)
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13
Q

Monoestrous

A
  • Only one cycle per year
  • Ex. dog, wolf, bear
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14
Q

2 distinct phases of estrous cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Luteal phase
    *named after dominant structure present on ovary during each phase
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15
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • Regression of CL to ovulation
  • ~20% of estrous cycle
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16
Q

Follicles

A
  • Dominant ovarian structure
  • Produces estrogen=dominant hormone
  • Products are E2, inhibin a+b=most important suppressors of FSH
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17
Q

Follicular phase is subdivided into

A
  • Proestrus stage
  • Estrus stage
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18
Q

Proestrus stage

A
  • Formation of ovulatory follicles + E2 secretion
  • 2-5 days
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19
Q

Estrus stage

A
  • Sexual receptivity + peak of E2 secretion
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20
Q

Luteal phase

A
  • Ovulation until CL regression
  • ~80% of estrous cycle
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21
Q

CL

A
  • Produces progesterone=dominant hormone=suppressor of LH
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22
Q

Luteal phase is subdivided into

A
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
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23
Q

Metestrus stage

A
  • CL formation + beginning of P4 secretion
  • 2-5 days
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24
Diestrus stage
* Sustained luteal secretion of P4 * 10-14 days
25
When are females showing sexual behaviour and why?
* Estrus stage * Due to estradiol
26
Estrous cycle in pig
* Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus * Polyovular (15-30 ovulations per cycle) * Polyestrous * Follicular waves not documented * Luteolysis: day 15-18 (CL resistant to PGF2alpha until day 12)
27
Estrous cycle in bison
* Calves born in SYNCHRONOUS pattern in wild (seasonal reproductive pattern) * Ovulatory season: late July to October * Wave emergence linked to FSH stage * Estrous cycle is 21days (estrus lasts 9-28hrs) * Continuous emergence of anovulatory waves during anovulatory season (Feb-July)
28
Estrous cycle in Wapiti
* Seasonally polyestrous (SHORT day breeder=winter) * 2-4 follicular waves * Estrous cycle: 18-21 days
29
Estrous Cycle in mares
* Seasonally polyestrous (LONG day breeder=spring) * Estrous cycle: 21 days * ~2 follicular waves * Estrus behaviour ceases: 24-48hrs after ovulation * If not pregnant: luteolysis day 14-16 * Anestrus in winter months (seasonal anestrus)
30
Estrus length in mares
* Estrus: 6 days (4-10days)
31
What signals the start of the season in mares?
* Production of GnRH * Stimulates A pituitary * A. pituitary produces FSH and LH
32
Long vs short day breeders (seasonal polyestrous)
* Relies on MELATONIN * Winter: increased melatonin o Stimulates GnRH in short day breeders=cyclicity o Inhibits GnRH in long day breeders=anestrus *OPPOSITE FOR IN THE SPRING/SUMMER
33
Estrous cycle in dogs: stages
* Proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus (no metestrus)
34
Estrous cycle in dogs
* Polytocous * Monoestrous * Seasonal (Feb-May) * Follicular waves not document * Luteal phase similar between pregnant and non-pregnant (pseudopregnancy) o Don’t use progesterone to test pregnancy
35
Why is estrus so long in dogs?
* 9 days * Nature knows they will come into heat only once a year=making sure they have more than enough time to do mating
36
Why is fertilization delayed in dogs and horses?
* Follicle will release primary oocyte and become secondary oocyte later o Primary oocyte=can NOT be fertilized * *needs time to change
37
Estrous cycle in cats: stages
* Proestrus * Estrus * Post-estrus * Diestrus * Anestrus
38
Post estrous
* Describes inter-estrus period that follows estrus that has NOT been induced to ovulate by copulation * If follicle has not left oocyte=wont go into luteal phase
39
Estrous cycle in cats
* Seasonally polyestrous * Induced ovulatory (need external stimuli) * Follicular waves not documented * Luteal phase: 60days in pregnant, 40days in non-pregnant (pseudopregnant) * Proestrus+estrus: 2-20 days * Anestrus (if mated): 30-90 days
40
Types of anestrus
1. Gestational 2. Seasonal 3. Lactational 4. Nutritional 5. Pathological
41
Lactational anestrus
* Limits pregnancy until young are weaned * Variable among species (none in mares and camelids)
42
Lactational anestrus: sows
* Ovulate 6-8 days after weaning
43
Lactational anestrus: dairy vs. beef
* Distinct effect of suckling of her OWN calf * Prevent suckling: acute increase LH pulse frequency (hastened ovulatory cyclicity)
44
Lactational anestrus: mares
* ‘foal heat refers to first estrous cycle that occurs in a mare shortly after giving birth, 6-8 days pp (first ovulation ~10days)
45
Lactational anestrus: camelids
* Induced ovulators * Receptive immediately postpartum, but no ovulation until after 14days
46
Lactational anestrus: women
* Resume menstrual cycles after 8-12 months if not lactating * Beyond 24months if nursing *energy balance is influential
47
Nutritional anestrous
* Absence of GnRH pulses from hypothalamus=inadequate secretion of gonadotropins and inactive ovaries * ENERGY demands different between primiparous vs. multiparous * Feed quality and quantity (energy-rich supplements)
48
Primiparous
* First time birthing * Higher energy demand
49
Multiparous
* Having had multiple offspring * Lower energy demand
50
Menses (menstration)
* Sloughing of endometrium to exterior
51
How does the menstrual cycle differ from the estrous cycle?
* No defined period of sexual receptivity * Period of endometrial sloughing (=menses) * Timeline begins and ends with menses (not ovulation or estrus) * Ovulation occurs at day 14, rather than beginning and end of cycle
52
Manipulation of ovarian function: depends on status of CL and follicular wave (differs between 2- and 3-wave patterns)
1. Shorten luteal function: treat with PGF2alpha (=regresses CL) 2. Lengthen luteal phase: treat with P4
53
What is ovarian synchronization for?
* Fixed-time insemination
54
Synchronized wave emergence
* Follicle ablation * Estrogen and progesterone * GnRH/LH
55
Follicle ablation for ovarian synchronization
* Put ultrasound in and remove dominant follicle o Now animal will start a new follicular wave (1.5 days later)
56
Estradiol and progesterone for ovarian synchronization
* CIDR (Controlled internal drug release) o Release progesterone o Once remove=new follicular wave in 4 days
57
GnRH for ovarian synchronization
* Will release oocyte if close to development * New follicular wave will begin * *only true up to 60% in most cattle
58
What is ovarian super stimulation used for?
* in vivo and in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer * Controlled breeding management
59
Superstimulation
* Induce development of multiple follicles o Release of multiple oocytes (eggs) during a SINGLE estrous cycle * More effective if do it before selection of dominant follicle * Only 20% of cycle is available for initiating treatment at time of follicular wave emergence
60
Ovarian superstimulation: extrinsic factors
* Gonadotrophins * Purity * Dose * Route * Frequency * Site
61
Ovarian superstimulation: intrinsic factors
* Nutritional status * Reproductive history * Age * Season * Breed * *ovarian status

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction (17 decks)

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