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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction > 8 – Female Reproduction III > Flashcards

8 – Female Reproduction III Flashcards

1
Q

Estrous cycle

A
  • Adjective
  • Period between one estrus and the next
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1
Q

Estrus

A
  • Noun
  • Referred to as heat
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2
Q

Monovular

A
  • Single oocyte per estrous cycle
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3
Q

Polyovular

A
  • More than one oocyte per estrous cycle
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4
Q

Monotocous

A
  • Produce one offspring
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5
Q

Polytocous

A
  • Produce more than one offspring
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6
Q

What 2 cycles are in a mammals reproductive cycle?

A
  • Estrous cycle
  • Menstrual cycle
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7
Q

What are the primary behavioural events during the estrous cycle?

A
  • Sexual receptivity
  • Copulation
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8
Q

If fertilization does NOT occur during estrous cycle

A
  • Another estrous cycle begins
  • Provides female another opportunity to mate and conceive
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9
Q

If fertilization DOES occur during estrous cycle

A
  • Enter a period of anestrus that ends after:
    o Parturition
    o Uterine involution (normal uterus size and function)
    o Lactation
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10
Q

What are 3 types of estrous cyclicity?

A
  1. Polyestrous
  2. Seasonally polyestrous
  3. Monoestrous
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11
Q

Polyestrous

A
  • Uniform distribution of estrous cycles that occur REGULARLY throughout the entire year
  • Ex. cow, pig, rodents
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12
Q

Seasonally polyestrous

A
  • Display ‘clusters’ of estrous cycles that occur ONLY during certain SEASON of the year
  • Ex. horses (spring and summer: longer days)
  • Ex. sheep, elk (winter: shorter days)
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13
Q

Monoestrous

A
  • Only one cycle per year
  • Ex. dog, wolf, bear
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14
Q

2 distinct phases of estrous cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Luteal phase
    *named after dominant structure present on ovary during each phase
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15
Q

Follicular phase

A
  • Regression of CL to ovulation
  • ~20% of estrous cycle
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16
Q

Follicles

A
  • Dominant ovarian structure
  • Produces estrogen=dominant hormone
  • Products are E2, inhibin a+b=most important suppressors of FSH
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17
Q

Follicular phase is subdivided into

A
  • Proestrus stage
  • Estrus stage
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18
Q

Proestrus stage

A
  • Formation of ovulatory follicles + E2 secretion
  • 2-5 days
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19
Q

Estrus stage

A
  • Sexual receptivity + peak of E2 secretion
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20
Q

Luteal phase

A
  • Ovulation until CL regression
  • ~80% of estrous cycle
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21
Q

CL

A
  • Produces progesterone=dominant hormone=suppressor of LH
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22
Q

Luteal phase is subdivided into

A
  • Metestrus
  • Diestrus
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23
Q

Metestrus stage

A
  • CL formation + beginning of P4 secretion
  • 2-5 days
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24
Q

Diestrus stage

A
  • Sustained luteal secretion of P4
  • 10-14 days
25
Q

When are females showing sexual behaviour and why?

A
  • Estrus stage
  • Due to estradiol
26
Q

Estrous cycle in pig

A
  • Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus
  • Polyovular (15-30 ovulations per cycle)
  • Polyestrous
  • Follicular waves not documented
  • Luteolysis: day 15-18 (CL resistant to PGF2alpha until day 12)
27
Q

Estrous cycle in bison

A
  • Calves born in SYNCHRONOUS pattern in wild (seasonal reproductive pattern)
  • Ovulatory season: late July to October
  • Wave emergence linked to FSH stage
  • Estrous cycle is 21days (estrus lasts 9-28hrs)
  • Continuous emergence of anovulatory waves during anovulatory season (Feb-July)
28
Q

Estrous cycle in Wapiti

A
  • Seasonally polyestrous (SHORT day breeder=winter)
  • 2-4 follicular waves
  • Estrous cycle: 18-21 days
29
Q

Estrous Cycle in mares

A
  • Seasonally polyestrous (LONG day breeder=spring)
  • Estrous cycle: 21 days
  • ~2 follicular waves
  • Estrus behaviour ceases: 24-48hrs after ovulation
  • If not pregnant: luteolysis day 14-16
  • Anestrus in winter months (seasonal anestrus)
30
Q

Estrus length in mares

A
  • Estrus: 6 days (4-10days)
31
Q

What signals the start of the season in mares?

A
  • Production of GnRH
  • Stimulates A pituitary
  • A. pituitary produces FSH and LH
32
Q

Long vs short day breeders (seasonal polyestrous)

A
  • Relies on MELATONIN
  • Winter: increased melatonin
    o Stimulates GnRH in short day breeders=cyclicity
    o Inhibits GnRH in long day breeders=anestrus
    *OPPOSITE FOR IN THE SPRING/SUMMER
33
Q

Estrous cycle in dogs: stages

A
  • Proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus (no metestrus)
34
Q

Estrous cycle in dogs

A
  • Polytocous
  • Monoestrous
  • Seasonal (Feb-May)
  • Follicular waves not document
  • Luteal phase similar between pregnant and non-pregnant (pseudopregnancy)
    o Don’t use progesterone to test pregnancy
35
Q

Why is estrus so long in dogs?

A
  • 9 days
  • Nature knows they will come into heat only once a year=making sure they have more than enough time to do mating
36
Q

Why is fertilization delayed in dogs and horses?

A
  • Follicle will release primary oocyte and become secondary oocyte later
    o Primary oocyte=can NOT be fertilized
  • *needs time to change
37
Q

Estrous cycle in cats: stages

A
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Post-estrus
  • Diestrus
  • Anestrus
38
Q

Post estrous

A
  • Describes inter-estrus period that follows estrus that has NOT been induced to ovulate by copulation
  • If follicle has not left oocyte=wont go into luteal phase
39
Q

Estrous cycle in cats

A
  • Seasonally polyestrous
  • Induced ovulatory (need external stimuli)
  • Follicular waves not documented
  • Luteal phase: 60days in pregnant, 40days in non-pregnant (pseudopregnant)
  • Proestrus+estrus: 2-20 days
  • Anestrus (if mated): 30-90 days
40
Q

Types of anestrus

A
  1. Gestational
  2. Seasonal
  3. Lactational
  4. Nutritional
  5. Pathological
41
Q

Lactational anestrus

A
  • Limits pregnancy until young are weaned
  • Variable among species (none in mares and camelids)
42
Q

Lactational anestrus: sows

A
  • Ovulate 6-8 days after weaning
43
Q

Lactational anestrus: dairy vs. beef

A
  • Distinct effect of suckling of her OWN calf
  • Prevent suckling: acute increase LH pulse frequency (hastened ovulatory cyclicity)
44
Q

Lactational anestrus: mares

A
  • ‘foal heat refers to first estrous cycle that occurs in a mare shortly after giving birth, 6-8 days pp (first ovulation ~10days)
45
Q

Lactational anestrus: camelids

A
  • Induced ovulators
  • Receptive immediately postpartum, but no ovulation until after 14days
46
Q

Lactational anestrus: women

A
  • Resume menstrual cycles after 8-12 months if not lactating
  • Beyond 24months if nursing
    *energy balance is influential
47
Q

Nutritional anestrous

A
  • Absence of GnRH pulses from hypothalamus=inadequate secretion of gonadotropins and inactive ovaries
  • ENERGY demands different between primiparous vs. multiparous
  • Feed quality and quantity (energy-rich supplements)
48
Q

Primiparous

A
  • First time birthing
  • Higher energy demand
49
Q

Multiparous

A
  • Having had multiple offspring
  • Lower energy demand
50
Q

Menses (menstration)

A
  • Sloughing of endometrium to exterior
51
Q

How does the menstrual cycle differ from the estrous cycle?

A
  • No defined period of sexual receptivity
  • Period of endometrial sloughing (=menses)
  • Timeline begins and ends with menses (not ovulation or estrus)
  • Ovulation occurs at day 14, rather than beginning and end of cycle
52
Q

Manipulation of ovarian function: depends on status of CL and follicular wave (differs between 2- and 3-wave patterns)

A
  1. Shorten luteal function: treat with PGF2alpha (=regresses CL)
  2. Lengthen luteal phase: treat with P4
53
Q

What is ovarian synchronization for?

A
  • Fixed-time insemination
54
Q

Synchronized wave emergence

A
  • Follicle ablation
  • Estrogen and progesterone
  • GnRH/LH
55
Q

Follicle ablation for ovarian synchronization

A
  • Put ultrasound in and remove dominant follicle
    o Now animal will start a new follicular wave (1.5 days later)
56
Q

Estradiol and progesterone for ovarian synchronization

A
  • CIDR (Controlled internal drug release)
    o Release progesterone
    o Once remove=new follicular wave in 4 days
57
Q

GnRH for ovarian synchronization

A
  • Will release oocyte if close to development
  • New follicular wave will begin
  • *only true up to 60% in most cattle
58
Q

What is ovarian super stimulation used for?

A
  • in vivo and in vitro embryo production and embryo transfer
  • Controlled breeding management
59
Q

Superstimulation

A
  • Induce development of multiple follicles
    o Release of multiple oocytes (eggs) during a SINGLE estrous cycle
  • More effective if do it before selection of dominant follicle
  • Only 20% of cycle is available for initiating treatment at time of follicular wave emergence
60
Q

Ovarian superstimulation: extrinsic factors

A
  • Gonadotrophins
  • Purity
  • Dose
  • Route
  • Frequency
  • Site
61
Q

Ovarian superstimulation: intrinsic factors

A
  • Nutritional status
  • Reproductive history
  • Age
  • Season
  • Breed
  • *ovarian status

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction (17 decks)

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