14 – Intro to Poultry Flashcards
1
Q
Poultry definition
A
- Term to designate those species of birds which render man an ECONOMIC service and reproduce freely under his care
2
Q
Chick definition (chicken)
A
- Newly hatched chicken
3
Q
Cockerel definition (chicken)
A
- Juvenile male
4
Q
Pullet definition (chicken)
A
- Juvenile female
- Laying hen that has NOT reached sexual maturity
5
Q
Rooster definition (chicken)
A
- Adult male
6
Q
Hen definition (chicken)
A
- Adult female
7
Q
Hens characteristics
A
- Smaller and paler comb and wattles
- Rounded, short feathers on hackle
- Wider tail without arch
- Saddle has short feathers
- Legs have no spurs and thinner
8
Q
Rooster characteristics
A
- Large and bright comb and wattles
- Longer narrow feathers
- Long curved tail feathers
- Legs with spurs and thicker legs
9
Q
Meat chicken classifications
A
- Broiler
- Roaster
- Laying or breeder stock
10
Q
Broiler (chicken)
A
- Weight: 1.8-3.0kg
- Age: 32-49days
- Male or female
- Whole, cut up, further processed
11
Q
Roaster (more in the US) (chicken)
A
- Weight: 3-4kg
- Age: 49-63 days
- Male or female
- Whole
12
Q
Laying or breeding stock (chicken)
A
- Variable weights
- Age: 52+ days
- Male or female
- Whole, cut up, deboned
13
Q
Broiler vs. egg layer hens
A
- Broiler=meat (stronger legs)
- Layer hen=laying eggs (weaker legs)
14
Q
Poult (Turkey)
A
- Newly hatched turkey
15
Q
Young tom (turkey)
A
- Juvenile male
16
Q
Young hen (turkey)
A
- Juvenile female
17
Q
Tom (turkey)
A
- Adult male
- Blue head
- Snood that hangs down
- Caruncles on head
18
Q
Turkey hen
A
- Adult female
19
Q
Meat classification for turkeys
A
- Broiler
- Roaster
20
Q
Broiler (turkey)
A
- Weight: 5-7kg
- Age: 10-12 weeks of age
- Male or female
- Whole
21
Q
Roaster (turkey)
A
- Weight: 8-20kg
- Age: 14-22 weeks of age
- Male or female
- Whole, cut up, further processed
22
Q
Are commercial poultry precocial or altricial species?
A
- PRECOCIAL
- feed independently
- don’t require continuous care
23
Q
Why study poultry?
A
- Major agricultural production
- Unique avian biology
- Technologically advanced production system
24
Q
Chicken domestication
A
- 1 jungle fowl species
- Newer evidence: fully domesticated in SE Asia 4500 years ago
25
Chicken meat production by province 2023
- ON and QB
- BC and AB
- SK
- *based on population of the provinces
26
Canadian chicken meat production over the years
- Steady increase
- Slight drop in 2020 during covid
27
Per capita meat consumption (kg) in Canada to 2020
- Slow decline of beef and pork production
- Poultry: 40.1% and continues to increase
o Cheap
o Emissions?
o Healthy (white meat)
o Culture and religious dietary requirements (more immigrants)
28
Per capita turkey consumption (kg) in Canada
- Steady
- SEASONAL
29
Total table egg production in Canada
- Increasing
- Birds produce more
- Dip in production of eggs in the 90s=due to the misinformation of cholesterol in eggs
30
Changes in poultry industry in last 100+ years
- Improved productivity
o GENETICS
o More eggs produced per hen per year (330 eggs/year)
o Days to 1.5kgs have decreased (2022: 27 days)
o Better equipment
- Improved quality of product
31
As hatched data:
- Both male AND female data
32
Broiler progression over time
- Chicks hatching at a larger size
- Less mortality now=vaccination and vet care
- Less feed, land, water and fuel needed
- 1950: needed 12 more days to be market ready
33
What is the USA poultry industry structure?
- Vertical integration
34
Vertically integrated broiler company
- One company owns many stages of the productive flow
- No restrictions of how many they can produce
- Ex. Tysons foods in the US, 4 companies own more than 60% of the industry in US
- *only thing they do NOT own=primary breeding company (own the genetics)
35
Vertical integration ‘steps’
- Primary breeding company (not owned by VI company)
- Multiplier breeding flock
- Broiler flocks
- Primary processing
- Further processing
- Retail marketing
36
Advantages of vertical integration system
- Cost reduction!
- Payoff for the VI companies
- Influence all stages of the cycle
- All systems are close to each other (decreased environmental impacts)
37
Disadvantages of vertical integration system
- Regulations are set by each company (no standardization across the country)
- Monopoly (workers not paid very well)
o Do the farmers care about their birds?
38
What is the Canadian poultry industry structure?
- Supply management
o Boards run by producers
o Regulates production levels
o Stabilizes income and product prices
o Allows smaller farms to exist
o Producers can own their own farms
o Requires IMPORT control (tariffs)
39
Raised by a Canadian Farmer ‘logo’
- Have followed the regulations
- Animal welfare is correctly assessed
- AUDITED constantly
- *standard system for all farmers to do
40
Disadvantages of supply management system
- Barrier to entry (especially for young people)
o Trying to reduce that with the Young Farmers program
- Trade negotiations
41
Changes in poultry industry in Canada
- Organizational changes
- Marketing boards in Canada to set the standards
o Egg farmers of Canada
o Chicken farmers of Canada
o Turkey farmers of Canada
42
Primary breeding industry
- SMALL NUMBER of SPECIALIZED primary breeding farms
43
Primary breeding industry/farms functions
- Genetic selection
- Distribution of stock to multiplier hatcheries
- Maintenance of stocks
- Technical assistance (‘how to guides’)
- *all commercial poultry are the result of CROSS BREEDING
44
Primary breeding industry breeding scheme
1. Highly selected pure lines: primary breeders (HIGH SECURITY)
a. A, B, C, D lines
b. A males x B females, C males x D females=grandparent
2. AB males x CD females=multiplier breeders (parent stocks)
3. ABCD=commercial production unit
45
What are the reasons for crossbreeding?
- Combine stocks with different traits
- Heterosis or hybrid vigour (progeny that has phenotypic superiority over the parents)
- Multiplication of stocks
- Patent
46
Egg production ladder
- Primary breeding companies (grandparent flock)
- Multiplier breeding flocks (parents flock)
- Multiplier hatcher (commercial production unit=day old pullets)
- Pullet producers
- Egg producers
- Egg processing company
47
Chicken meat production ladder
- Primary breeding companies (grandparent flock)
- Multiplier breeding flocks (parent flock)
- Multiplier hatchery (commercial production unit=day old broilers)
- Broiler producers
- Primary processing
- Further processing
48
Turkey meat production ladder
- Primary bredding companies (grandparent flock)
- Multiplier breeding flocks
- Multiplier hatchery (commercial production unit=day old poults)
- Turkey producers
- Primary processing
- Further processing
49
Turkey genetic companies
- Only 2 with different locations
50
Associated industries in poultry
- Feed production
o 60% of production costs
- Supply industries
o Equipment, health (drugs, vaccines), other
