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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction > 14 – Intro to Poultry > Flashcards

14 – Intro to Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Poultry definition

A
  • Term to designate those species of birds which render man an ECONOMIC service and reproduce freely under his care
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2
Q

Chick definition (chicken)

A
  • Newly hatched chicken
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3
Q

Cockerel definition (chicken)

A
  • Juvenile male
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4
Q

Pullet definition (chicken)

A
  • Juvenile female
  • Laying hen that has NOT reached sexual maturity
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5
Q

Rooster definition (chicken)

A
  • Adult male
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6
Q

Hen definition (chicken)

A
  • Adult female
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7
Q

Hens characteristics

A
  • Smaller and paler comb and wattles
  • Rounded, short feathers on hackle
  • Wider tail without arch
  • Saddle has short feathers
  • Legs have no spurs and thinner
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8
Q

Rooster characteristics

A
  • Large and bright comb and wattles
  • Longer narrow feathers
  • Long curved tail feathers
  • Legs with spurs and thicker legs
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9
Q

Meat chicken classifications

A
  • Broiler
  • Roaster
  • Laying or breeder stock
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10
Q

Broiler (chicken)

A
  • Weight: 1.8-3.0kg
  • Age: 32-49days
  • Male or female
  • Whole, cut up, further processed
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11
Q

Roaster (more in the US) (chicken)

A
  • Weight: 3-4kg
  • Age: 49-63 days
  • Male or female
  • Whole
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12
Q

Laying or breeding stock (chicken)

A
  • Variable weights
  • Age: 52+ days
  • Male or female
  • Whole, cut up, deboned
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13
Q

Broiler vs. egg layer hens

A
  • Broiler=meat (stronger legs)
  • Layer hen=laying eggs (weaker legs)
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14
Q

Poult (Turkey)

A
  • Newly hatched turkey
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15
Q

Young tom (turkey)

A
  • Juvenile male
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16
Q

Young hen (turkey)

A
  • Juvenile female
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17
Q

Tom (turkey)

A
  • Adult male
  • Blue head
  • Snood that hangs down
  • Caruncles on head
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18
Q

Turkey hen

A
  • Adult female
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19
Q

Meat classification for turkeys

A
  • Broiler
  • Roaster
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20
Q

Broiler (turkey)

A
  • Weight: 5-7kg
  • Age: 10-12 weeks of age
  • Male or female
  • Whole
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21
Q

Roaster (turkey)

A
  • Weight: 8-20kg
  • Age: 14-22 weeks of age
  • Male or female
  • Whole, cut up, further processed
22
Q

Are commercial poultry precocial or altricial species?

A
  • PRECOCIAL
  • feed independently
  • don’t require continuous care
23
Q

Why study poultry?

A
  • Major agricultural production
  • Unique avian biology
  • Technologically advanced production system
24
Q

Chicken domestication

A
  • 1 jungle fowl species
  • Newer evidence: fully domesticated in SE Asia 4500 years ago
25
Q

Chicken meat production by province 2023

A
  • ON and QB
  • BC and AB
  • SK
  • *based on population of the provinces
26
Q

Canadian chicken meat production over the years

A
  • Steady increase
  • Slight drop in 2020 during covid
27
Q

Per capita meat consumption (kg) in Canada to 2020

A
  • Slow decline of beef and pork production
  • Poultry: 40.1% and continues to increase
    o Cheap
    o Emissions?
    o Healthy (white meat)
    o Culture and religious dietary requirements (more immigrants)
28
Q

Per capita turkey consumption (kg) in Canada

A
  • Steady
  • SEASONAL
29
Q

Total table egg production in Canada

A
  • Increasing
  • Birds produce more
  • Dip in production of eggs in the 90s=due to the misinformation of cholesterol in eggs
30
Q

Changes in poultry industry in last 100+ years

A
  • Improved productivity
    o GENETICS
    o More eggs produced per hen per year (330 eggs/year)
    o Days to 1.5kgs have decreased (2022: 27 days)
    o Better equipment
  • Improved quality of product
31
Q

As hatched data:

A
  • Both male AND female data
32
Q

Broiler progression over time

A
  • Chicks hatching at a larger size
  • Less mortality now=vaccination and vet care
  • Less feed, land, water and fuel needed
  • 1950: needed 12 more days to be market ready
33
Q

What is the USA poultry industry structure?

A
  • Vertical integration
34
Q

Vertically integrated broiler company

A
  • One company owns many stages of the productive flow
  • No restrictions of how many they can produce
  • Ex. Tysons foods in the US, 4 companies own more than 60% of the industry in US
  • *only thing they do NOT own=primary breeding company (own the genetics)
35
Q

Vertical integration ‘steps’

A
  • Primary breeding company (not owned by VI company)
  • Multiplier breeding flock
  • Broiler flocks
  • Primary processing
  • Further processing
  • Retail marketing
36
Q

Advantages of vertical integration system

A
  • Cost reduction!
  • Payoff for the VI companies
  • Influence all stages of the cycle
  • All systems are close to each other (decreased environmental impacts)
37
Q

Disadvantages of vertical integration system

A
  • Regulations are set by each company (no standardization across the country)
  • Monopoly (workers not paid very well)
    o Do the farmers care about their birds?
38
Q

What is the Canadian poultry industry structure?

A
  • Supply management
    o Boards run by producers
    o Regulates production levels
    o Stabilizes income and product prices
    o Allows smaller farms to exist
    o Producers can own their own farms
    o Requires IMPORT control (tariffs)
39
Q

Raised by a Canadian Farmer ‘logo’

A
  • Have followed the regulations
  • Animal welfare is correctly assessed
  • AUDITED constantly
  • *standard system for all farmers to do
40
Q

Disadvantages of supply management system

A
  • Barrier to entry (especially for young people)
    o Trying to reduce that with the Young Farmers program
  • Trade negotiations
41
Q

Changes in poultry industry in Canada

A
  • Organizational changes
  • Marketing boards in Canada to set the standards
    o Egg farmers of Canada
    o Chicken farmers of Canada
    o Turkey farmers of Canada
42
Q

Primary breeding industry

A
  • SMALL NUMBER of SPECIALIZED primary breeding farms
43
Q

Primary breeding industry/farms functions

A
  • Genetic selection
  • Distribution of stock to multiplier hatcheries
  • Maintenance of stocks
  • Technical assistance (‘how to guides’)
  • *all commercial poultry are the result of CROSS BREEDING
44
Q

Primary breeding industry breeding scheme

A
  1. Highly selected pure lines: primary breeders (HIGH SECURITY)
    a. A, B, C, D lines
    b. A males x B females, C males x D females=grandparent
  2. AB males x CD females=multiplier breeders (parent stocks)
  3. ABCD=commercial production unit
45
Q

What are the reasons for crossbreeding?

A
  • Combine stocks with different traits
  • Heterosis or hybrid vigour (progeny that has phenotypic superiority over the parents)
  • Multiplication of stocks
  • Patent
46
Q

Egg production ladder

A
  • Primary breeding companies (grandparent flock)
  • Multiplier breeding flocks (parents flock)
  • Multiplier hatcher (commercial production unit=day old pullets)
  • Pullet producers
  • Egg producers
  • Egg processing company
47
Q

Chicken meat production ladder

A
  • Primary breeding companies (grandparent flock)
  • Multiplier breeding flocks (parent flock)
  • Multiplier hatchery (commercial production unit=day old broilers)
  • Broiler producers
  • Primary processing
  • Further processing
48
Q

Turkey meat production ladder

A
  • Primary bredding companies (grandparent flock)
  • Multiplier breeding flocks
  • Multiplier hatchery (commercial production unit=day old poults)
  • Turkey producers
  • Primary processing
  • Further processing
49
Q

Turkey genetic companies

A
  • Only 2 with different locations
50
Q

Associated industries in poultry

A
  • Feed production
    o 60% of production costs
  • Supply industries
    o Equipment, health (drugs, vaccines), other

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction (17 decks)

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