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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction > 15 – Key Hormones and Fetal Fluids > Flashcards

15 – Key Hormones and Fetal Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Marked placental growth must occur PRIOR to

A
  • Significant fetal growth
  • *increased placental blood vessel growth and vasodilation
  • Areolar growth helps with transport of nutrients, gases, growth promoting factors
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2
Q

Progesterone during gestation

A
  • Stimulates ENDOMETRIAL GROWTH and particularly GLAND DEVELOPMENT AND SECRETIONS
  • *also produces PROGESTERONE BLOCK
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3
Q

Progesterone block

A
  • Inhibiting uterine contractions (quiescence)
  • Absolute levels vary among species
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4
Q

Luteo-placental shift

A
  • In some species
  • Placental progesterone productions takes over from CL to maintain pregnancy
  • Ex. horses, humans
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5
Q

Species where removal of ovaries is followed by abortion

A
  • Cows (after 8months, would be okay)
  • Pigs
  • Goats
  • Dogs
  • Alpacas and Llamas
  • Rabbits
  • *placenta does NOT produce enough P4 or dogs: no P4
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6
Q

Cats and P4 compensation

A
  • No luteo-placental shift
  • Placenta can produce enough P4 to compensate for loss if ovaries removed
  • *CL is present for most of the pregnancy
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7
Q

Estrogens/estradiol during gestation

A
  • Endometrial growth
  • Important product of placenta (especially during last part)
  • *peak in most species=indicates close to parturition period
  • **INCREASED levels=promote LABOUR
  • Mare and humans it gradually increases throughout (need estrodial precursors)
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8
Q

Placental lactogen

A
  • Also called chorionic somatomammotropin
  • Produced by TROPHOBLASTS (in ruminants: secreted by BNGC and TNCs)
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9
Q

Placental lactogen is found in (species)

A
  • Rodents
  • Sheep
  • Cow
  • Goat
  • Humans
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10
Q

Placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin) levels

A
  • Maternal: steady increase in levels up to Parturition
  • Fetus: varies
    o Sheep: remains constant
    o Bovine: decline throughout
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11
Q

Placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin) function to dam

A
  • *growth hormone in function
  • Stimulates mammary gland growth/development
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12
Q

Placental lactogen (chorionic somatomammotropin) function on fetus growth

A
  • Due to induction of growth promoting factors (ex. insulin GFs)
  • Anti-insulin effect on dam=frees up maternal glucose stores for fetus
  • Stimulates AA uptake
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13
Q

PAG production during gestation

A
  • As early as day 24
  • Peak just before parturition
  • *different forms are marked by alterations in their glycosylation=multiple unclear roles
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14
Q

PAG functions during gestation

A
  • Process or cleave GFs
  • Immunomodulatory functions
  • Luteotropic role via increased stimulation of PGE2
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15
Q

PAGs during gestation: measure in ruminants

A
  • In serum or plasma using ELISA
  • *confirm pregnancy in ruminants
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16
Q

Relaxin during gestation in equids (mare)

A
  • Rise quickly and reach peak around mid-pregnancy to parturition
  • Drop markedly after parturition
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17
Q

Relaxin during gestation in sows

A
  • Maternal serum levels INCREASE dramatically LATE in pregnancy prior to parturition
  • Stored within CL and released upon luteolysis as Parturition nears
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18
Q

Actions of relaxin

A
  • Softening or relaxation of pelvic ligaments (ex. mare and women)
  • Growth and relaxation of uterine muscle during pregnancy
  • Cervical relaxation for parturition
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19
Q

Relaxin during gestation in dog

A
  • 20-30days, max at 5-7weeks
  • Undetectable in non-pregnant
  • *levels are basis of pregnancy test in dogs
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20
Q

Relaxin during gestation in cat

A
  • Appears at 3rd week
  • *markedly INCREASES then DECLINING just before parturition
  • Could be used for pregnancy diagnosis: kits are in development
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21
Q

Actions of relaxin in dog and cat

A
  • INHIBIT uterine activity and relax pelvic ligaments
22
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • Steroid class produced by adrenal glands
  • Primarily cortisol in horses, ruminants, pigs, dogs and cats
    o Regulate gene expression, transcription and translation
  • *produced on demand
23
Q

What is the name of the cortisol carrier in the blood?

A
  • Corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)
24
Q

Cortisol levels in ruminants (maternal)

A
  • Total maternal cortisol does not change over majority of gestation
  • *SPIKES AT PARTURITION
25
Q

Cortisol levels in horses (maternal)

A
  • Fluctuates
  • INCREASES JUST BEFORE PARTURITION
26
Q

Cortisol levels in pigs (maternal)

A
  • Little change over gestation/birth
27
Q

Fetal cortisol levels in ruminants and pigs

A
  • Fetal adrenals produce almost all their own cortisol by late pregnancy
    o Why maternal levels don’t change as fetus is self-sufficient
28
Q

Fetal cortisol levels in horses

A
  • Fetal adrenals mature later on, so maternal levels may supplement fetal production
29
Q

Cortisol actions**

A
  • Mediating maternal energy demand (free up plasma glucose, anti-insulin effect)
  • Triggering maturation of fetal organs
  • Initiating parturition
30
Q

What are the 4 fetal membranes?

A
  • Yolk sac
  • Chorion
  • Amnion
  • Allantois
31
Q

Yolk sac

A
  • First formed
  • Nutrition (birds and reptiles)
  • *first hematopoietic organ and source of primordial germ cells (mammals)
32
Q

Membrane arrangement: at mid-gestation

A
  • Ruminants + pigs: flatter/anchor
  • Horses + carnivores: circular/tube
33
Q

Chorion

A
  • Outermost extra-embryonic membrane
  • Trophectoderm (near embryonic disc) and somatic mesoderm
  • *GAS EXCHANGE, RESPIRATION
34
Q

Amnion

A
  • Most evolutionary
  • *AQUATIC MICROENVIRONMENT
35
Q

Allantois

A
  • STORAGE BIN
  • MEDIATES GAS EXCHANGE
  • Size in mammals depends on how well N wastes are removed (can fill entire extra-embryonic coelom)
36
Q

Total volumes of amniotic and allantoic fluids during pregnancy

A
  • *generally INCREASE
37
Q

Ruminants and mare fetal fluid levels

A
  • Allantoic increases in 1st third and last third
  • Amniotic: 2nd third
38
Q

Sow fetal fluid levels

A
  • Allantoic: rises quickly by 30d, max by 60d then declines toward term
  • Amniotic: gradually increases, max 60d then declines toward term
39
Q

Amniotic fluid

A
  • Water and solute from maternal plasma
  • Secretions from developing respiratory tract enter amniotic fluid, but fluids and solutes can also cross from amnion cavity to fetus
  • Once fetal kidneys function=fetal urine contributes
  • Fetal swallowing contributes FLUID MOVEMENT INTO LUNG AND GIT
40
Q

Amniotic fluid composition

A
  • CHO
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • GFs
  • Electrolytes
  • AA
  • Water
41
Q

Amniotic fluid roles

A
  • Prevent desiccation
  • Shock absorber
  • Nutrition
  • Innate immunity
  • Development
  • Aiding parturition
42
Q

Allantois fluid

A
  • Once kidneys functional, urine goes into it
  • Reservoir for nutrients
43
Q

Allantois fluid composition

A
  • Hormones
  • *Fructose
  • Glucose
  • Electrolytes
  • AA (ex. arginine, glutamine)
44
Q

Role of allantois fluid

A
  • Shock absorber
  • Nutrition: can metabolize stored nutrients for benefit of placental and conceptus growth
45
Q

Disposition of fetal sacs in polytocous species (cats, dogs, pigs)

A
  • Distribution along length of uterine horns
  • Sometimes nearest one to uterine body extends into both horns
46
Q

Disposition of fetal sacs in monotocous species (ruminants)

A
  • Fetus with amnion and large part of chorioallantois in uterine horn adjacent to ovary with CL
  • Small portion of chorioallantois into other horn
47
Q

Disposition of fetal sacs in monotocous species (horses)

A
  • Majority of chorioallantois and amnion in gravid horn with continuation into uterine body
  • Small, narrow portion of chorioallantois pushes into NON-gravid horn
48
Q

Hydrops

A
  • Excessive accumulation of fetal fluids in either amnion or allantois in cattle
  • Ex. hydrallantois or hydramnion
49
Q

Hydrallantois

A
  • 6-9months gestation with up to 40x excess fluid
  • *presents as progressive distension of R. abdominal wall
  • **thought to be a result of placental abnormalities
50
Q

Hydramnion

A
  • 8-10x normal fluid level associated with malformation of digestive system
  • Rare in sheep, pigs, dogs, cats
  • Not reported in horses
51
Q

3 main methods of pregnancy diagnosis in vet med

A
  • Palpation (need enough fetal development)
  • hormone measurements (ex. PAGs, eCG, relaxin)
  • ultrasonography=most IMMEDIATE, DIRECT, ACCURATE
52
Q

Ultrasonography and fetal fluids

A
  • takes advantage of early increases in allantoic fluid volumes and amniotic fluid volumes
    o end of first month: ewe, cow, mare
    o d25-35: dogs, cats
  • *B-mode most commonly used

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction (17 decks)

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