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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction > 17 – Puerperium and Lactation > Flashcards

17 – Puerperium and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Puerperium

A
  • Period after parturition characterized by reproductive tract returning to the non-pregnant state to enable the female to become pregnant again
    o Uterine involution
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2
Q

Involution

A
  • Actual physical process of uterus returning to the normal non-pregnant size and function
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3
Q

Lactation

A
  • Process of synthesis, secretion and removal of milk from mammary gland
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4
Q

When do puerperium and lactation start?

A
  • Immediately after parturition
  • Simultaneous for a short period
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5
Q

Puerperium starts and ends

A
  • Starts: right after parturition
  • Ends: restoration of reproductive function
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6
Q

Four major events of puerperium

A
  • Myometrial contractions and ejection of lochia
  • Endometrial repair
  • Resumption of ovarian function
  • Elimination of bacterial contamination of reproductive tract
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7
Q

Why is short puerperium desirable?

A
  • To increase the eligibility for a subsequent pregnancy
  • Ex. dairy cows: frequent pregnancies max lifetime max yield
  • *select for animals or use dry-off period
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8
Q

Right after parturition, myometrium undergoes strong repeated contractions

A
  • Short, high frequency for 2-3 days
  • Helps discharge fluids
  • Aids tissue debris removal
  • Compresses vasculature in uterine wall to minimize hemorrhage
  • Reduces overall size of uterus
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9
Q

What are the contractions of the myometrium driven by?

A
  • Suckling
  • Oxytocin secretion
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10
Q

Rapid atrophy of uterus so mass is reduced to

A
  • Non-pregnant size
    o Individual muscle cells decrease to 70% in size
  • Differences in pregnancies (primiparous vs. multiparous)
    o Ex. ‘recover’ faster if never been pregnant
  • Timing of contractile inhibition depends on species
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11
Q

What happens during and after myometrial contractions?

A
  • Lochia is expelled from vulva
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12
Q

Lochia

A
  • Fluid containing blood, necrotic tissue and mucous
  • Discharge begins 1-2 days post-partum (dairy)
  • Highest volumes in first 10days in dairy cows (then decreases substantially)
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13
Q

Equine lochia

A
  • Relatively low amount
  • Usually stops 24-48hr after foaling
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14
Q

Pig lochia

A
  • Discharge observed for up to 48hr post-farrowing
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15
Q

Dog lochia

A
  • Discharge immediately after parturition can be green
  • Changes to bloody mucoid discharge within 12hr
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16
Q

Cat lochia

A
  • Obvious vulvar discharge for up to a week after kittening
  • Complete by 2 weeks
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17
Q

What can discharges past normal periods indicate?

A
  • Infection
  • Metritis (inflammation of whole uterus)
  • Endometritis
  • *needs to be treated
18
Q

Ruminant endometrial repair

A
  • Once fetal cotyledons separate from maternal caruncles, VASOCONSTRICTION occurs followed by NECROSIS
  • Endometrial crypts contain fragments of chorionic villi, necrosis begins 48hr post-partum (necrotic septal mass)
  • Day 5: necrosis with neutrophils and lochia discharge
  • Sloughing (of necrotic septal mass) complete by 15-19 days
  • **Re-epithelization occurs by 25-30 days
19
Q

Equine endometrial repair

A
  • Less repair required due to different placentation
  • 1d post-partum some degeneration of endometrial glands and inflammatory cells (d5)
  • Regeneration complete in 10 days
20
Q

Pig endometrial repair

A
  • Very small amount of degeneration compared to ruminants
  • Epithelial cells transition from columnar to FLATTENED degenerated cells by 7d PP
  • Active cell division until endometrium regeneration by 21d PP = ready for new pregnancy
21
Q

Dog endometrial repair

A
  • Areas of previous placental attachment (zonary) requires more regeneration time
  • Complete by 12 weeks
22
Q

Cat endometrial repair

A
  • More rapid than dog
  • Complete by 25-30days
23
Q

Inhibitory levels of steroids is lost with birth

A
  • FSH levels can build again
  • First PP ovulation is frequently associated with ABSENCE of estrus behaviour
  • *similarity in characteristics between initial cyclicity with onset of puberty AND return to cyclicity in PP animals
24
Q

Portion of cows cycling and PP

A
  • Increases by days PP
  • *early initiation of ovarian cyclicity before breeding leads to better fertility
25
Q

Return to cyclicity ruminants: follicular wave emergence

A
  • Growing follicles, dominant then preovulatory follicles produce estrogen
  • High estrogen: induces estrous behaviours
  • With ovulation and CL formation=progesterone production increases and primes uterus for future
26
Q

Equine return to cyclicity

A
  • Rapid
  • 5-12 days PP
  • Follicular activity as early as 2d PP
27
Q

Small ruminants (ex. sheep) return to cyclicity

A
  • Seasonal=cycle at next breeding season after anestrus period
28
Q

Pig return to cyclicity

A
  • Suckling and weaning have PROUFOUND effect on rebound
  • Later the time of weaning=shorter the interval to first estrous
29
Q

Cat return to cyclicity

A
  • Lactation can suppress estrous
  • If no kittens=can return to estrous 7-10d PP
30
Q

Dog return to cyclicity

A
  • Return to estrous unpredictable
  • Parturition followed by anestrous
31
Q

Elimination of bacterial contamination

A
  • Uterus is not sterile during pregnancy
    o Contains commensal and NON-pathogenic organisms at low levels
  • Microbiome can shift though PP
    o Excessive imbalance can lead to disease (ex. endometritis)
  • *Elevated estradiol can induce immune responses to maintain balance
32
Q

Bacterial contamination of uterus is due to

A
  • Relaxation of physical barriers
  • Ex. open cervix for delivery
    o Repeated contractions enhance bacterial contamination via vacuum effect
    o Lochia presence can promote additional bacterial growth
33
Q

What clears out bacterial invaders of uterus?

A
  • Uterine defence mechanisms
  • *also related to ENDOMETRIAL REGENERATION
  • Clearance by 5-7weeks PP 9cows
34
Q

When does the final mammary develop in the dam occur?

A
  • During pregnancy
    o Alveoli grow into bunches or lobules
    o Group of lobules connects into duct and is now a LOBE
    o End of pregnancy=lobulo-alveolar structures are 90% of gland
35
Q

What hormones stimulate milk synthesis?

A
  • Prolactin
  • Placental lactogen
  • Adrenal cortical hormones
36
Q

Milk secretion

A
  • Synthesized and secreted by alveolar cells into alveolar lumen
    o Prolactin: maintains milk production
    o Suckling stimulates release from anterior pituitary
  • Suckling signal, inhibits dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamus=now prolactin can be produced by A. pituitary
37
Q

Milk ejection

A
  • Active movement of milk from alveoli and alveolar ducts into larger ducts, cisterns and teats
    o Removed by suckling newborn
  • *neuroendocrine reflex
38
Q

Milk ejection requires:

A
  • Sensory activation (auditory, tactile, visual)
  • Neural activation of hypothalamus
  • Oxytocin (from P. pituitary) release into blood
  • Contraction of myoepithelial cells
  • Mechanical transfer of milk form alveoli into ducts and eventually teat
39
Q

Mammary involution

A
  • Process where mammary alveolar cells STOP producing milk and reorganize back to non-pregnant state
40
Q

What happens as milk need decreases in neonates? (mammary gland involution)

A
  • Pressure atrophy or buildup pressure within gland (still producing some milk) INHIBITS function of alveoli
    o Cells atrophy
    o Lymphocytes, macrophages INVADE tissue and help remodelling

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - Reproduction (17 decks)

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