8- emotion processes: Regulating emotion Flashcards
what is emotion regulation?
Emotion regulation consists of the extrinsic and intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating and modifying emotional reactions.
Extrinsic and intrinsic
people can regulate their own emotions (intrapersonal er)
or other people can help to regulate their emotions interpersonal er
what is emotion regulation??
- way people shape emotions
- assessing how you feel and whether this is how you want to feel
- intrinsic extrinsic
- initiation, duration, intensity, expression
- consciously or uunconsciously
why do poeple regulate emotions 1-h
Hedonic reasons: people want to maximise immediate pleasure and avoid unpleasant ones.
why do people regulate emotions 2-i
instrumental reasons: people want to experience emotions that are useful and avoid unhelpful ones
- people may want to feel unpleasant emotions such as anger or fear if these promote attainment of goal (Tamir et al., 2008)
Lane et al (2012) runners.
How do people regulate emotions
Parkinson and Totterdell (1999) undergrads, office workers and volunteers recent emotion regulation strategies
162 strategies categorised into: behavioural and cognitive.
1. distraction
2. reappraisal
3. suppression
distraction
“Focuses attention on different aspects of the situation or moves attention away from the situation altogether”
“May also involve changing internal focus, such as when individuals invoke thoughts or memories that are inconsistent with the undesirable emotional state” (Gross, 2014, p. 10)
reappraisal
Is this always possible?
Davis et al., (1998): found 73% of people who had recently lost a spouse, parent, child, or sibling could find something positive in the experience (e.g., finding supportive others, strengthening bonds)
What can you reappraise?
The emotional stimulus:
“come up with a less negative interpretation of the picture content” (Hajcak & Nieuwenhuis, 2006)
The situation:
“increase their sense of objective distance, viewing pictured events from a detached, third-person perspective” (Oschner et al., 2004)
The emotional experience:
“take note of your thoughts and feelings without judging them” (Kuehner, Hufziger & Liebsch, 2009)
suppression
“When one tries to inhibit ongoing negative or positive emotion-expressive behaviour” (Gross, 2014, p. 10)
Suppression does decrease the observable/expressive emotion, but it rarely changes the negative emotion experience, but it may decrease positive emotion (Pena-Sarrionandia, Mikolajczak & Gross, 2015)
how can we make sense of all the different strategies people use for regulating their emotions?
Parkinson and Totterdell (1999) implementation Affect regulation strategies: Behavioural (actions) and cognitive (thoughts)
Gross (1998) when the strategies are implemented
Antecedent focussed strategies: distraction and reappraisal
Response focused: suppression
Koole (2009)
emotion generating system and psychological function
Nature of regulation goal and emotion change process
(Braunstein, Gross & Ochsner, 2017)
NAture of regulation goal and nature of change
How can these strategies be used?
Down regulation. Up regulation. Maintenance.
Which strategies are effective?
Webb, Miles and SHeeran (2012)
review.
- Distraction helped people feel but did not influence behavioural or physiological measures
- concentration made emotion worse
- reappraisal the best
- ssuppression influenced behavioural measures but not how poeple actually felt and negative impact on physiological measures
