1- theoretical and methodological frameworks- theories of emotion

Question 1

Evolutionary theory of emotion

Answer 1

Darwin-

• Emotions are universal, adaptive and function to increase survival- reproduction and rapid orientation to the environment.
• Influential for the judgement approach.

Question 2

Bodily responses

Answer 2

James- Lange theory (1884) emotions arise as bodily responses.

Question 3

James lange theory Critiqued by

Answer 3

Cannon (1927) emotions too quick to be due to bodily responses. Artificial activation of body not enough to produce emotion- Require appraisal.

Question 4

Brain responses

Answer 4

Cannon- Bard theory (1927)-
emotions in the brain. Thalamus generates emotions, neocortex inhibits. Bard (1927) sham rage in cats- decortical.
Le Doux (1980)- Dual process theory: we feel fast (amygdala) and slow (neocortex).

Question 5

Evaluations of our environment

Answer 5

cognitive
Arnold (1954)
Appraisal theory. Cognitive approach Emotions are a result of the environment. Appraisals- cognitively reflecting on the event.
Lazarus (1982) – thought is necessary for emotional experience. Precedes.

Influenced:
- zajonc (1980) primary appraisal system (without conscious awareness) Ohman and soares (1994) spider and snake phobics- non conscious. Soussignan et al (2010) anorexic pps arousal unconscious food.
- decision making and judgements.
judgements: Bower (1981) – network theory. Mood- mood contingent thoughts- judgment and Clore (1983) heuristics to make judgements
Decisions: Blanchette and Richards (2010) availability heuristic- mood- mood cronguent thoughts- decision. Perceived utility.
Wegener and Petty (1994)- hedonic contingency model. People motivated to achieve and maintain positive mood.
Decisions: Bechara and Domasio (2005)- iowa gambling task. Somatic marker hypothesis (Domasio, 1996).
Reasoning: Negative emotions- narrow. Positive emotions broaden.
Role of positive emotions: Frederickson (1998)- positive health outcomes, well being, success. – broaden attention (promote creativity), build resources (physical, psychological, social).

Question 6

biopsychosocial

Answer 6

Schachter and Singer (1962)- )- appraisal plus arousal.
injected pps with adrenaline, those wth happy confederate were happy, those with angry pps were angry.
Dutton and Aron (1974)

Question 7

social construction of ourselves-

Answer 7

Goffman (1961) sociological perspective. Dramaturgical perspective. Emotions arise from the role that we play. Change around different social groups.

• Emotional labour.
• influential for labour workers