2- thoeretical and methodological frameworks- studying emotion Flashcards
What is emotion:
james (1884) definition
- bodily changes guide our emotion
What is emotion -
Arnold and Gasson (1954)
- cognitive: the felt tendency towards or away from an object.
What is emotion-
Lazarus (1991)
organised psychophysiological reactions to news about ongoing relationships with the environment
What is emotion - Keltner, Oatley and Jenkins (2013)
- responses to events that we see as challenges or opportunities in our inner or outer world.
How do emotions relate to each other?
There are two types of model:
Dimensional
Discrete/ categorical
Dimensional model:
The circumplex model of affect (Remington, Fabrigar and Visser, 2000)
- Arousal
- Pleasure
- positive affect
- negative affect
The circumplex model
- Each emotion or mood is defined by the extent to which it involves the underlying dimensions of pleasure and activation
- dimensions that are 90 degrees are independent
Discrete emotion models
Categorica approach:
- those who use this approach propose a limited set of basic emotions. Innate, universal, irreducible, corresponding to specific systems.
Basic emotions
Disagreement on which emotions are basic.
Joy, sadness, disgust, fear and anger (power, 2006).
- According to Shaver et al 1987 each emotion has an associated script
Discrete emotion - Complex emotions
Shaver et al (1987) produced 135 emotion words.
Discrete emotion- compound emotions
Du, Tao and Martinez (2014)- facial action codes to identify 15 compound emotions, each constructed two or more basic emotions but with distinct features.
Critique for basic emotions
Feldman- BArrett et l 2007 instead propose the ongoing primitive emotional response (dimensional) plus conceptual knowledge (categorical)
Self report scales
- the most common
- usually have adjectives
- could use faces
- often used as part of diary study in which affect is recorded on many occasions by each pps.
disadvantages of self report scales
- requires self awareness and understanding of emotion
- items may not be relevant to participant
- responses may be socially desirable.
diary study
Also known as experience sampling and ecological momentary assessment
- affect recorded at regular intervals
- in response to a signal (experience sampling)
High in ecological validity
affect grid
Russel, weiss and mendelsohn 1989
positive and negative affect scale PANAS
Watson clark and tellegen
the scale consists of a number of words that describe differemt feelings
basic emotion scale
power 2006
alternative methods
non linguistic
- neuroimaging
- psychological measures
- record facial expressions
- cognitive measures (stroop)
alternative methods
linguistic
- qualitative accounts
- peer reports
- sentiment analysis (online media)
- quantifying emotional value - willingness to pay.
Summary
Mauss and Robinson (2009) multi method approach needed no gold standard limited convergence across measures all types of measure relevant.
ways to investigate emotion
Emotion elicitation
emotion elicitation
Film clips.
international affect picture system (IAPS) library of photos that have been rated on dimensions of pleasure, arousal and dominance.
effectiveness of affect inductions
Zhang, yu and barrett (2014)
comparison of 4 affect induction procedures.
all 4 effective but most effective is image plus music
nonconsciously evoking emotions
Pelaez et al., 2016
pps sublim exposed to emotion pic (negative or neutral) from IAPS. THen receieved pain stimulus.
- found lower pain intensity and slower reaction times in response to negative images.
- negative emotions might capture attentions more
problems in emotion research
Kagan (2010)- disagreement on what emotion refers to (brain, appraisal or behaviour)
western society and words.
