4- cognitive approach

Question 1

central idea to the cognitive

Answer 1

emotions are based on actual events and beliefs.
Emotions help individual to function.
Emotions systematically guide or disrupt cognitive processes.

Question 2

How we feel:

Zajonc

Answer 2

Mere exposure effect

- feeling in the absense of cognition

Question 3

historical:

Answer 3

Arnold (1954) appraisal theory.

Question 4

Support for zajonc :

Answer 4

Ohman and Soares (1994) - spider and snakes

Soussignan (2010)AN

Question 5

Appraisal theory Lazarus

Answer 5

Lazarus (1982) thought is necessary for emotion.
- appraisals precede emotional experience.

TO prompt an emotion an event must be first cognitively appraised.

Question 6

Dual process thoery Le Doux

Answer 6

Le Doux (1980) we feel fast and slow. Fast automatic unconscious system and slow controlled conscious. 
Fast - amygdala (bottom up)
slow- neocortex (top down)

Question 7

Critique of appraisal theories

Answer 7

Ellsworth (2013) several features infuence emotional experience: bodily reactions, facial expression, action tendencies cultural norms

1. do appraisals cause emotiong: appraisal change is emotion change. - not precede.
2. labelling emotional experiences: basic emotions can be a combination of appraisals
3. language constraints
4. automatic emotional responses

Question 8

what is integral emotion

Answer 8

feelings caused by or related to the deciscion at hand

Question 9

what is incidental emotion

Answer 9

feelings unrelated to the cognitive process

Question 10

emotions influence what we think

Answer 10

Emotions of the same valence may not have the same effect:
Lerner et al., (2003) the effect of fear and anger on percptions of future risk.
Anger = less risk- low uncertainty
Fear= more risk - high uncertainty.

Question 11

what we think - semantic networks

Answer 11

Bower (1981) nodes in a network
Mood influences memory and cognitive processing.
Indirect efect:
Mood - mood congruent thoughts - judgments
however, mood in-congruent memories can be retrieved.

Question 12

feelings as information (Clore, 1983)

Answer 12

Feelings provide rapid information about our environment; act as heuristics.
Mood- judgments-

Question 13

deciscion making

Answer 13

Blanchette and Richards (2010) mood- judgment- decision.
Availability heuristic.

• people in a happy mood more likley to avoid risky situations.
  = hedonic contingency hypothesis

Question 14

hedonic continency hypothesis

Answer 14

wegener and Petty (1994)
people are motivated to achieve and maintain pleasant moods
we have more to lose.
- when people were asked to choose between different activities happy people paid more attention to how the activity would make them feel.

Question 15

somatic marker hypothesis (Bechara and Damasio, 2005)

Answer 15

Choose from different cards with different rewards and risks.
pps learn to avoid risks. - skin conductance response to loss. Trust your gut.

Question 16

Effect of processing style on reasoning

feeling as information

Answer 16

Systematic negative moods- reasoning about deep features.

Heuristic positive moods- reasoning about superficial features

Question 17

effort of processing style on reasoning

hedonic contingency

Answer 17

systematic positive mood- pps in a positive mood process uplifting messages more systematically than depressing.

negative heuristic moods - angry pps more likely to be influenced by a sterotype when judging a student.

Question 18

emotion imbued choice model (Lerner et al., 2015)

Answer 18

a general model for decision making.
Emotion considered: The emotions felt at the time and expected emotions.

• model does not account for reflexive behaviour.

integral, incidental and expected emotions influence decision making,

Question 19

The role of positive emotions (FRederickson, 1998)

Answer 19

positive emotions associated with a host of positive outcomes: Helath, well being and success.
Broaden attention and encourage cognitive flexibility.

Question 20

expected emotions

Answer 20

Brickman et al., (1987) lottery winners vs limb accident.

- Decisions and behaviour based on anticipated and experienced emotions.

Question 21

affective forecasting errors (Wilson and Gilbert, 2005)

Answer 21

impact bias: consistet overestimation of intensity and duration.
Psychological processes: reduce the impact of emotional experience

Question 22

overestimation may be functional

Answer 22

can be motivating.

anticipated regret is a powerful force.