5- social approach

Question 1

Strack, Martin and STepper (1988)

Answer 1

pen in teeth or lips. look at funny images.

- the teeth condition found it more amusing activates muscles involved in smiling.

Question 2

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 2

peoples facial activity influences their affective response.

• cognitive: people make inferences abut what they are feeling based on their facial expression
• physiological: the affective response can occur in the absense of cognitive interpretation

Question 3

how does the FFH influence emotion

Answer 3

motor mimicry

Question 4

how does the FFH influence emotion

Answer 4

motor mimicry. Emotion can be produced by simply seeing another person express

Question 5

evidence for motor mimicry:

Answer 5

Friedman and Riggio (1982)
groups of 3 pps to sit facing each other: 1 high on affective communication. The unexpressives changed their mood more than the expressives.

Question 6

motor mimicry

Answer 6

emotions communicated through unintentional imitation of expressive gestures.
motor mimicry followed by facial feedback results in emotion contagion.
- emotional tone in a voice sufficient to induce congruent emotion

Question 7

functions of emotion contagion

Answer 7

enables congruent emotions to spread from person to person
Hazy and Boyatzis (2015)
- emotional understanding and identification with others.
- provides proto- organizing state.

Question 8

emotion contagion occurs through two types of processes;

Answer 8

• reactive (without awareness)
• inferential (consciously)
  deng and hu (2018 )happiness contagion involves mimicry while anger processing social appraisal

Question 9

social effects of emotion contagion

Answer 9

Joiner (1994) depressed roommate

Totterdell et al (2004) spread of affect in employee networks. the affect of two employees was more related if they were connected in the network.

Community: Fowler and Christakis (2008) 20 yr community study. peoples happiness related to the happiness of those whom they were most connected. Even if indirect

Question 10

Social effects of emotion contagion- indirect

Answer 10

Online networks
Kramer, Guillory and Hancock (2014) manipulated feeds: When positive expression reduced ppl produced less positive posts.

Coviello et al., (2014) facebook and rain influence 1-2 indirectly for every direct.

Question 11

emotion transmission in groups

Answer 11

the ripple effect Barsade (2002) demonstrated that a confederate trained to an emotion could bring other members in line.

Question 12

the moods of individuals within a group can become linked

Answer 12

Totterdell et al., (1998) work teams and sports teams show that individuals moods change to their collective mood.

Question 13

Group mood

Answer 13

when the mood of the individiauls within a group is sufficiently consistent the group has an affective tone.

Question 14

emotions as social information model

Answer 14

EASI van Keleef (2009)
emotions regulate social interactions by triggering affective reactions and inferences in observers.
Effectiveness of this depends on observers information processing and relational factors.

Question 15

what do emotions do?

Answer 15

• tell us how we are doing in relation to our goals
• regulate the things that cause them
• create and break social relationships
• communicate our goals to others

Question 16

sharing emotion

Answer 16

function: to make us feel better
Rime (2009) the impulse to share emotions is strong. people report about one episode per day being shared with them (primary) and share about 75% of these.
more intense episodes are more likley to be shared.
sharing an emotion does not seem to reduce the impact of the emotion and can even heighten it.

Question 17

emotion in relationships

Keltner et al., 3 types of social motivation

Answer 17

• attachment
• affiliation
• assertion
  love nominated as a prototypical emotion. Based on infant attachment

Question 18

Gottman and levenson (2000)

Answer 18

marrid couples. four most dangerous behvaiours:

• criticism
• defensiveness
• stonewalling
• contempt.

Question 19

Foregiveness in close relationships

Answer 19

Less forgiveness better for maintaining the satisfaction of couples with problems even though it is associated with negative emotions (mnNulty, 2010)

Question 20

anger in close relationships

Answer 20

Averill (1982) found that anger can sometimes be beneficial because it can readjust the relationship

Question 21

social cause and consequence of emotion

Answer 21

affective event - emotion - behaviour

Bad is stronger than good. Baumeister et al., (2001) on average a bad event has a much greater effect on how people feel than a good event.

Frederickson (2000) positive emotions undo the aftereffects of negatve emotions.

Question 22

distress and behaviour

Answer 22

Tice et al (2001) people prioritise immediate gratification when distressed. Unpleasant emotion causes a shift in behaviour.

Question 23

emotion as a feedback system

Answer 23

Baumeister et al., (2007) proposed that emotional outcomes are used as feedback to guide future behaviour. In this view emotions are rarely the immediate cause of behvaiour instead behaviour is used to pursue or avoid anticipated emotions.