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Biology BC 3&4 > 8- DNA: The Universal Molecule Of Life ✅ > Flashcards

8- DNA: The Universal Molecule Of Life ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Anticodon

A

A triplet of nucleotides complementary to the codon sequence.

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2
Q

Codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

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3
Q

Exons

A

Parts of a pre mRNA that stay in the sequence when splicing occurs.

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4
Q

Gene expression

A

Unknown

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5
Q

Introns

A

A nucleotide sequence of a gene that does not code for a gene product or control sequence.

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6
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A category of RNA molecules that transcribes the genetic information from the DNA in nucleus.

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7
Q

Methylated cap

A

A chemical that is attached to mRNA just before splicing that is attached to the 5’ end.

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8
Q

Poly-A-tail

A

100-200 adenine nucleotides are added to the 3’ end before splicing.

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9
Q

Peptide bond

A

A chemical bond that exists between an amino acid and a polypeptide chain.
NH2 bonds with COOH to make NHOOC or COONH (depending on the orientation

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10
Q

Primary RNA (pre-mRNA)

A

Messenger RNA before the maturation process where it leaves the nucleus.

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11
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

RNA found in the ribosome

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12
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme involved with adding RN nucleotides together

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13
Q

Structural gene

A

A gene that is expressed and codes for a particular protein

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14
Q

Template strand

A

He strand of the DNA molecule that is transcribed during RNA synthesis and therefore used in gene expression

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15
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of mRNA molecule from the template strand of DNA in the nucleus

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16
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA

A

A molecule found in the cytoplasm that is about 75-80 nucleotides long and is involved in the synthesis of a polypeptide by the ribosomes.

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17
Q

Translation

A

The process of protein synthesis that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

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18
Q

Gene regulation

A

Unknown

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19
Q

Induction

A

The transcription of a gene enhanced by the presence of a substance that resembles the substrate of the enzyme.

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20
Q

Operator gene

A

A non-coding sequence of DNA of prokaryotic organisms that is found before a coding region and acts as a site of gene regulation, stopping the transcription of the gene by binding to a repressor protein.

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21
Q

Operon

A

A set of coding and non-coding regions of DNA that work together to work as a functional unit of gene expression

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22
Q

Promoter

A

A region of DNA, approximately 200-300 base pairs upstream from the region of DNA to be transcribed, that allows the enzyme RNA polymerase to bind with it to initiate the transcription process

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23
Q

Regulator gene

A

A regulatory gene that’s codes for the production of a repressor protein

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24
Q

Repressor protein

A

A protein produced by a repressor gene that binds to an operator DNA site and inhibits the transcription of nearly structural genes abs consequentially, their expression.

25
Q

Anueploidy

A

Have more or less chromosomes than the parental cell

26
Q

Deletion

A

The process of removal of one or more nucleotide bases from DNA or of a section of a DNA molecule from a chromosome.

27
Q

Duplication

A

A mutation that involves copying a part of a chromosome.

28
Q

Frameshift

A

A type of mutation caused by that deletion of addition of a single nucleotide in the codon that results in a change in the reading frame of the codons.

29
Q

Germline mutation

A

A gene or chromosome mutation occurring in the gamete.

30
Q

Inversion

A

A mutation involving a section of DNA that has been cut from a chromosome, reversed then reinserted.

31
Q

Mutagenic agent

A

An environmental influence that is able to cause in one or more nucleotide bases of the genetic material (DNA or RNA)

32
Q

Non-disjunction

A

A feature in the cellular process of either mitosis or meiosis that results in cells that have an incorrect number of chromosomes.

33
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation in the nucleotide sequence of a gene in which only one base is altered, either by being substituted for another nucleotide or by being deleted.

34
Q

Polyploidy

A

The possession of one or more complete extra sets of chromosomes in each cell.

35
Q

Translocation

A

Unknown

36
Q

Trisomy

A

The presence of an extra chromosomes of one type in a cell making a total of three chromosomes.

37
Q

Anticodon

A

A sequence of three nucleotides on a molecule of tRNA that is complementary to the base sequence on a codon of mRNA.

38
Q

Autosomal trisomy

A

Addition of a non-sex chromosome

39
Q

Coding region of DNA

A

A small part of a DNA strand used as a template for synthesis of an mRNA strand; also known as a gene

40
Q

Codon

A

A group of three nucleotides (a triplet) of DNA or RNA

41
Q

Enhancers

A

Regions found in eukaryotic DNA that act as binding sites for some activator proteins

42
Q

Exon

A

A nucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for an amino acid sequence or a control sequence

43
Q

Genetic code

A

The triplets of bases found among a molecule of DNA that code for the amino acid sequence of polypeptides

44
Q

Kalata B1 protein

A

A type of protein with potent insecticidal activity.

45
Q

Methylation

A

The attachment of a methyl group to nucleotides

46
Q

Mutagen

A

An agent, chemical or physical, that increases the mutation rate above spontaneous rate.

47
Q

Mutation rate

A

The probability rate a spontaneous mutation will occur in on cellular division

48
Q

Neutral point mutation

A

Th substituted nucleotide base results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid as the original base

49
Q

Non-template strand

A

A strand that is complementary to the template strand; it doesn’t not guide the synthesis of complementary polynucleotides

50
Q

Peptide bonds

A

A chemical bond that exists between amino acids in a polypeptide chain

51
Q

Point mutation

A

A mutation in the genetic sequence of nucleotides in a gene in which only one base is altered, either by being substituted for another nucleotide or by bing deleted.

52
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

A group of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

53
Q

Polyribosome

A

Many ribosomes forming chains

54
Q

Pre mRNA

A

Single stranded RNA molecule that is the precursor to mRNA. It has not yet gone through maturation/splicing that removes the introns.

55
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme involved with adding RNA nucleotides together

56
Q

Somatic mutation

A

A mutation that occurs in a somatic cell (body cell)

57
Q

Termination signal

A

A signal that stops the synthesis of a polypeptide.

58
Q

Tetraploid

A

Four haploid sets of chromosomes in each cell.

59
Q

Triploid

A

Three haploid sets of chromosomes in each cell

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

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