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Biology BC 3&4 > 8- DNA: The Universal Molecule Of Life ✅ > Flashcards

8- DNA: The Universal Molecule Of Life ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Anticodon

A

A triplet of nucleotides complementary to the codon sequence.

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2
Q

Codon

A

The sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

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3
Q

Exons

A

Parts of a pre mRNA that stay in the sequence when splicing occurs.

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4
Q

Gene expression

A

Unknown

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5
Q

Introns

A

A nucleotide sequence of a gene that does not code for a gene product or control sequence.

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6
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A category of RNA molecules that transcribes the genetic information from the DNA in nucleus.

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7
Q

Methylated cap

A

A chemical that is attached to mRNA just before splicing that is attached to the 5’ end.

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8
Q

Poly-A-tail

A

100-200 adenine nucleotides are added to the 3’ end before splicing.

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9
Q

Peptide bond

A

A chemical bond that exists between an amino acid and a polypeptide chain.
NH2 bonds with COOH to make NHOOC or COONH (depending on the orientation

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10
Q

Primary RNA (pre-mRNA)

A

Messenger RNA before the maturation process where it leaves the nucleus.

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11
Q

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

A

RNA found in the ribosome

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12
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme involved with adding RN nucleotides together

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13
Q

Structural gene

A

A gene that is expressed and codes for a particular protein

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14
Q

Template strand

A

He strand of the DNA molecule that is transcribed during RNA synthesis and therefore used in gene expression

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15
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of mRNA molecule from the template strand of DNA in the nucleus

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16
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA

A

A molecule found in the cytoplasm that is about 75-80 nucleotides long and is involved in the synthesis of a polypeptide by the ribosomes.

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17
Q

Translation

A

The process of protein synthesis that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

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18
Q

Gene regulation

A

Unknown

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19
Q

Induction

A

The transcription of a gene enhanced by the presence of a substance that resembles the substrate of the enzyme.

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20
Q

Operator gene

A

A non-coding sequence of DNA of prokaryotic organisms that is found before a coding region and acts as a site of gene regulation, stopping the transcription of the gene by binding to a repressor protein.

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21
Q

Operon

A

A set of coding and non-coding regions of DNA that work together to work as a functional unit of gene expression

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22
Q

Promoter

A

A region of DNA, approximately 200-300 base pairs upstream from the region of DNA to be transcribed, that allows the enzyme RNA polymerase to bind with it to initiate the transcription process

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23
Q

Regulator gene

A

A regulatory gene that’s codes for the production of a repressor protein

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24
Q

Repressor protein

A

A protein produced by a repressor gene that binds to an operator DNA site and inhibits the transcription of nearly structural genes abs consequentially, their expression.

25
Anueploidy
Have more or less chromosomes than the parental cell
26
Deletion
The process of removal of one or more nucleotide bases from DNA or of a section of a DNA molecule from a chromosome.
27
Duplication
A mutation that involves copying a part of a chromosome.
28
Frameshift
A type of mutation caused by that deletion of addition of a single nucleotide in the codon that results in a change in the reading frame of the codons.
29
Germline mutation
A gene or chromosome mutation occurring in the gamete.
30
Inversion
A mutation involving a section of DNA that has been cut from a chromosome, reversed then reinserted.
31
Mutagenic agent
An environmental influence that is able to cause in one or more nucleotide bases of the genetic material (DNA or RNA)
32
Non-disjunction
A feature in the cellular process of either mitosis or meiosis that results in cells that have an incorrect number of chromosomes.
33
Point mutation
A mutation in the nucleotide sequence of a gene in which only one base is altered, either by being substituted for another nucleotide or by being deleted.
34
Polyploidy
The possession of one or more complete extra sets of chromosomes in each cell.
35
Translocation
Unknown
36
Trisomy
The presence of an extra chromosomes of one type in a cell making a total of three chromosomes.
37
Anticodon
A sequence of three nucleotides on a molecule of tRNA that is complementary to the base sequence on a codon of mRNA.
38
Autosomal trisomy
Addition of a non-sex chromosome
39
Coding region of DNA
A small part of a DNA strand used as a template for synthesis of an mRNA strand; also known as a gene
40
Codon
A group of three nucleotides (a triplet) of DNA or RNA
41
Enhancers
Regions found in eukaryotic DNA that act as binding sites for some activator proteins
42
Exon
A nucleotide sequence of a gene that codes for an amino acid sequence or a control sequence
43
Genetic code
The triplets of bases found among a molecule of DNA that code for the amino acid sequence of polypeptides
44
Kalata B1 protein
A type of protein with potent insecticidal activity.
45
Methylation
The attachment of a methyl group to nucleotides
46
Mutagen
An agent, chemical or physical, that increases the mutation rate above spontaneous rate.
47
Mutation rate
The probability rate a spontaneous mutation will occur in on cellular division
48
Neutral point mutation
Th substituted nucleotide base results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid as the original base
49
Non-template strand
A strand that is complementary to the template strand; it doesn't not guide the synthesis of complementary polynucleotides
50
Peptide bonds
A chemical bond that exists between amino acids in a polypeptide chain
51
Point mutation
A mutation in the genetic sequence of nucleotides in a gene in which only one base is altered, either by being substituted for another nucleotide or by bing deleted.
52
Polypeptide chain
A group of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
53
Polyribosome
Many ribosomes forming chains
54
Pre mRNA
Single stranded RNA molecule that is the precursor to mRNA. It has not yet gone through maturation/splicing that removes the introns.
55
RNA polymerase
An enzyme involved with adding RNA nucleotides together
56
Somatic mutation
A mutation that occurs in a somatic cell (body cell)
57
Termination signal
A signal that stops the synthesis of a polypeptide.
58
Tetraploid
Four haploid sets of chromosomes in each cell.
59
Triploid
Three haploid sets of chromosomes in each cell

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

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