6- Detecting And Responding To Invaders ✅ Flashcards
Adaptive immunity
A type of immunity that ‘learns’ about what is being dealt with and how to over come it
Antibiotics
A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms
Antibodies
A type of plasma protein (produced by B lymphocytes) in response to particular antigens. They are the basis or humoral immunity
Antigen
A foreign substance that stimulates lymphocytes to being the specific immune response, it can be binded to by a specific antibody
Antigen presenting cell (APC)
Lymphocytes and macrophages that take in a pathogen break down its components and present the antibodies on the MHC marker II
Antiseptic
A substance that kills of inhibits or inhibits the growth of microorganisms on external surfaces of living things
Autoimmune disease
An inherited defect in the immune system by which certain body cells are not recognised as self and stimulate an immune response
Basophils
A granulocyte or granular leukocyte produced by stem the bone marrow of animal and secretes histamine.
B lymphocyte
Cells that are produced from stem cells, many in the bone marrow, and mature in the bone marrow. They are involved in the humoral immune response
Chemotherapy
The use of chemicals to treat disease by destroying cells, particularly cancer cells
Colonial selection theory
The process where an antigen ‘selects’ which of the millions of different B-Lymphocytes clones will become active (that is to secrete antibodies)
Complement proteins
The 20 different plasma proteins that are involved in immune defence mechanisms, such as by tagging microorganisms for phagocytosis, lysis or encasing in mucous thus immobilising
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte
A T Lymphocyte that contains lethal chemicals that destroy foreign, infected and altered cells
Cytotoxins
Toxic substances produced by cells
Eosinaphil
A granulated leucocyte that secretes powerful enzyme that break down cell walls of pathogens, they are toxic to parasites in which they lyse the parasites tissues
Epitope
A small part of a larger molecule that binds to a receptor site
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
Fever
A mechanism in which phagocytes secrete a messenger that makes that hypothalamus change the body temp to eliminate a pathogen
Histamines
Chemicals involved in a local inflammatory response released by basophils and mast cells
Hybridoma
A fusion of tutor cells and B cells that combine properties of both
Immunoglobulins
A group of protein antibodies
Immunosuppressant drugs
Drugs that suppress or inhibit the activities of plasma cells and phagocytic cells
Inflammation
First response by the immune system to the envision of pathogens, swelling, redness and pain occur as a result of an increase in blood supply and phagocytes
Interferon
Natural proteins that are produced by the cells of the immune system of most animals in response to challenges by foreign agents, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and tumour cells, interferons belong to the large class of glycoproteins know as cytokines
Interleukins
A group of small protein molecules(cytokines), produced by white blood cells, that assist communication between leucocytes
Leucocytes
A general term for describing white blood cells
Lymph
A colourless fluid that originates from the intercellular fluid (tissue fluid)
Lymphatic system
Part of the immune system a system of organs (thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, vessels) and lymph fluid that is involved in transporting lymphocytes and in removing foreign matters.
Lysis
Bursting of a cell
Macrophage
A large cell that is part of the innate immune system and found in the body tissues; macrophages can migrate for the blood vessels to infected tissues
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
A cluster of genes that allows T-lymphocytes and natural killers to discriminate deaf from non-self
Mast cells
Leucocytes that store a variety of substances that reduce inflammation (inflammatory mediators)
Memory cells
Lymphocytes that are stored in the lymph nodes long after infection and recognise a pathogen that it has already been exposed to.
MHC restriction
T-cell receptors are restricted to binding to particular antigens only when associated with the distinctive MHC marker
Monoclonal antibodies
A group of identical antibodies, each group produced by one kind of immune cell
Monocytes
Leucocytes that circulate the blood; they grow in the bone marrow and are released into the bloodstream; they respond to chemical mediators of inflammation and squeeze through that walls of capillaries into the tissues where they become called macrophages
Natural Killer cells
Granulated lymphocytes that secrete chemicals that lyse cancer cells and cell infected with a pathogen; they attach to the MHC marker to determine if it is self or not, if not, death to that thing
Necrosis
Unprogrammed cell death
Neutrophil
Granulated and phagocytic leucocytes found in the blood and tissues
Non-adaptive
Not able to change to a response
Non-specific response
A response to a pathogen regardless of its type
Opportunistic infections
A phenomena where after an infection, when the immune system is weak, another pathogen attacks the body in its weakened state
Plasma cells
Cells that manufacturers and secretes antibodies rapidly in response to detection of antigen in the bloodstream
Resolvins
Compounds that are made by the human body that reduce cellular inflammation; they inhibit the production and transportation of inflammatory cells and chemicals to the sites of inflammation
Retrovirus
An group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate
Specific response
A response to a specific antigen
T-cell receptor
Specialised receptor sites on T cells that bind to fragments of antigens
T-helper Cells
T cells that help (activate) other cells of the immune system
Thymus gland
Two pinkish grey lobes involved in the development of mature T cells
T lymphocytes
A leucocyte involved in the specific response they are involved in the cell mediated response
T-suppressor cell
A T lymphocytes that inhibits that activity of phagocytes
Tumour
An abnormal growth of tissue, owing to unrestricted cell division; may be malignant or benign
Vaccine
An antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease
Innate immunity
refers to nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.
MHC class I markers
On all cells apart from erythrocytes
MHC class II markers
On antigen presenting cells
B and T lymphocytes and macrophages
Cytokines
A general term to refer to a group of hormone-like substances produced by cells that effect the behaviour of other cells
Edema
a condition characterized by an excess of watery fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.
Phagocytes
Any cell that undergoes phagocytosis
Platelet (thrombocyte)
A small fragment of membrane bound cytoplasm that stops bleeding by haemostasis and releasing chemicals that stimulate coagulation
Agglutination
The process of clumping or sticking together
Antigen-antibody complex
A substance that is the product of the reaction between an antigen and antibody or immunoglobulin
Autoantibodies
Antibodies that target ones own cells
Cell mediated response
The process in humans by which foreign cells or the owns body. Elk safe actively destroyed by T cells
Dendritic cell
Cells with membranous extensions that attract antigens and present them to T-helper cells
Humoral response
Immunity mediated by antibodies dissolved in the bloodstream
Memory Cell
A differentiated B or T cell that is formed as an immune response to an invading antigen
Active induced immunity
Immunity that is done by the body by facilitation.
Vaccine
Active natural immunity
Immunity that is done by the body that is done by regular process.
Infection
Allergy
An abnormal response to a serum, pollen, dust mite, fur, or infection by toxin
Antitoxin
An antibody that counteracts a toxin
Antivenin
An antiserum containing antibodies against special poisons. AKA anti venom
Anti-viral drug
A drug that impacts the effectively of viruses
Attenuated
Weakened or dead cells
IgE antibodies
A class of humoral immunoglobulins found in the lungs, mucous membranes and the skin. They provide primary defence against antigens from the environment
Passive induced immunity
Immunity that isnt done by the body and is facilitated.
Anti-venin
Passive natural immunity
Immunity that isnt done by the body and is done as a regular occurrence.
Antibody gain through mother as a phetus
Toxoid
A toxin that had been killed or weakened by formalin that when used for vaccination purposes, can produce an immune response.
Immunity
The ability of an organism to resist an infection or toxin by action of leucocyte psychology or antibodies
Disinfectants
destroy microorganisms and their spores but are too strong to be used directly on the skin.
Disinfectants
destroy microorganisms and their spores but are too strong to be used directly on the skin.