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Biology BC 3&4 > 2- Dynamic Cells: Molecules On The Move ✅ > Flashcards

2- Dynamic Cells: Molecules On The Move ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Active transport

A

The passage of a substance across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient

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2
Q

Apoptosis

A

The process of cell regulated cell death, mainly done by lack of signalling to a cell.
Related to cancer in that when apoptosis fails and cells rapidly divide

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3
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Proteins that transport so lutes across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane by a change in shape of the protein.

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4
Q

Channel proteins

A

Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane that, when open allow the movement of solutes into and out of the cell

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

The substance containing DNA, proteins, and some RNA, of which chromosomes are made

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

A structure containing proteins and a single DNA molecule that carries genetic information

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7
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The change in concentration of a substance over distance or across a membrane

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The network of microtubules and microfilaments found in eukaryotic cells

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9
Q

Differentially/semi/partially permeable

A

A quality of membranes to allow only certain kinds of particle through

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of net passive movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

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11
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process where by particles enter an animal cell intact without passing through the structure of the plasma membrane

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12
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

The system of membrane lined cavities in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that is the site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

Eukaryotes

A

An organism that consists of cells containing distinct organelles including a nucleus, and other membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

Exocytosis

A

A process by which substances are removed from the cell

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15
Q

Extra cellular matrix

A

The material between the cells of multicellular organisms

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The process whereby a substance is transported across the plasma membrane of a cell, using transport proteins that are specific to each solute transported but without the expenditure of energy

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17
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

..

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18
Q

Golgi body/apparatus/complex

A

A membrane bound organelle of a cell comprising of stacks of four to ten disk shaped cisternae.

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19
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution that is lower in solute compared to another

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20
Q

Hypertonic

A

A solution that is higher in solute compared to another

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21
Q

Intermediate filament

A

A group of protein filaments that make up one component of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells, they form rope like bundles that provide tensile strength for the cell.

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22
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with solute concentration equal to another solute

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

A membrane bound vesicle of an animal cell that contains digestive & decomposing enzymes

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24
Q

Microfilament

A

A thread like structure made of protein that is involved in various from of cellular movements

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25
Q

Microtubules

A

Small tubules made up of protein tubulin; they are a major component in the cytoskeleton, that is maintaining cell shape

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26
Q

Non-self

A

Describes agents(cells organisms, substances) that are not recognised by the immune system as being part of the organism

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27
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The membrane of phospholipids around the nucleus of the cell

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

A dark staining sub-organelle found within the nucleus of the cells

29
Q

Nucleus

A

An organelle bound by a double membrane found within eukaryotic cells

30
Q

Organelle

A

Describes the structures within a cell that carry out specific functions

31
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive process of diffusion of water across a semi permible membrane

32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of endocytosis solid molecules are transported into the cell

33
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid molecule with one of the fatty acids replaces with a phosphate group

34
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The process of endocytosis by which liquid or gas molecules are brought into the cell

35
Q

Plasma membrane (aka cell membrane)

A

The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds a cell and contains the cytoplasm, and keeps it from the extracellular fluid

36
Q

Plasmolysis

A

An occurrence of a plant cell to reduce its internal size due to lack of water

37
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Describes a cell that does not contain any membrane bound organelles including a nucleus

38
Q

Protein pathway

A

The movement of proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the Endoplasmic reticulum, through a series of compartments and vesicles, via the Golgi body, to secretory vesicles for export by Exocytosis

39
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles comprised of ribosomal RNA and protein that facilitate the process of protein synthesis

40
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Describes a boundary, such as the plasma membrane, that allows only some substances to pass through it while keeping other substances out

41
Q

Self

A

Describes agents(cells organisms, substances) that are recognised by the immune system as being part of the organism

42
Q

Solute

A

A molecule or chemical that is submerged within a solvent

43
Q

Solvent

A

The liquid substance in which the solute is dissolved in

44
Q

Stomata

A

An opening located on the underside epidermis of plant leaves that’s is bounded by two guard cells

45
Q

Turgid

A

Describes a state of a plant cell in which the vacuole is filled, and the cell wall is convex due to this

46
Q

Turgor pressure

A

The force exerted by the vacuole when at a high capacity

47
Q

Vacuole

A

The organelles found mainly in plants that house the water and other wastes of the cell within the centre of the cell.

48
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

A process where by glucose is broken down in a oxygen deprived environment, into pyruvate (in humans) then lactic acid, (in yeast) then ethanol.

49
Q

Organelles

A

A structure found with in cells that performs a specialised metabolic function

50
Q

Cholesterol

A

C27H45OH, it is a molecule that sits in the cell membrane and increases rigidity and flexiblity

51
Q

Glycoproteins

A

A complex molecule composed of protein connected to a carbohydrate.

52
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving, that is it is water soluble compound

53
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating, that is it is insoluble in water

54
Q

Receptor protein

A

A protein lodged in the cell membrane that detects hormones and other chemicals and cause the cascade effect of secondary messengers in signal transduction

55
Q

Recognition proteins

A

Proteins imbedded in the cell membrane that detect self and non self cells

56
Q

Transport protein

A

A protein imbedded in the cell membrane that allows access in or out of the cell

57
Q

Crenation

A

A process by which an animal cell left in a hypertonic solution shrinks and shrivels as it looses its water.

58
Q

Equilibrium

A

A point at which two solutions have equal net movement between each other

59
Q

Flaccid

A

A process by which a plant when losing water droops

60
Q

Lysis

A

A process by which a cell membrane is breached.

In osmosis this is done when an animal cell left in a hypotonic solution bulges and bursts as it gains its water.

61
Q

Passive transport

A

The processes by which substances are moved across a semipermeable membrane which out the usage of energy

62
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine tri-phosphate, a chemical with high energy bonds that when dissociation occurs large amounts of energy are given off

63
Q

Cisternae

A

One of the flattened vesicles comprising the Golgi body on part of the rough Endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

Exocytosis

A

A process by which substances ar transported out of the cell by a vesicle

65
Q

Vesicles

A

A membrane bound sac found within cells that plays a role in the distribution, organisation, and transport of substances both inside and within the cell

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

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