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Biology BC 3&4 > 7- Heredity ✅ > Flashcards

7- Heredity ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Autosomes

A

The chromosomes that are not linked to sex

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2
Q

Centromere

A

The centre connecting point in-between two chromotids

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

The structure composed of DNA and protein that contains along its length linear arrays of genes carrying genetic information.

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4
Q

Chromatid

A

The daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome joined together by the centromere

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5
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of proteins and DNA in eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Two sets of matching homologous chromosomes

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7
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells, also known as gametocytes

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8
Q

Gene

A

The basis of heredity; segment of DNA that codes for the formation of a polypeptide

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9
Q

Genome

A

All of the genetic material contained within an organism or a cell; includes both the chromosomes within the neurone and the DNA of the mitochondria

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10
Q

Haploid (n)

A

One set of chromosomes

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11
Q

Heredity

A

The study of inheritance

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12
Q

Heterosomes

A

Non-identical chromosomes pairing up at meiosis. (X&Y in males)

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13
Q

Histones

A

A type of protein associated with DNA in eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes that have the same: size snap, and genes at the same location

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15
Q

Karyotype

A

The display of the number, size, and shape of chromosomes

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16
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that affect sexual traits; one has homologous sex chromosomes the other has a dissimilar.

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17
Q

Somatic cells

A

Normal body cells as compared with germ-line cells from which the gametes are derived

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18
Q

Anaphase

A

A stage in cell division in which the chromosomes move to the poles of the new cells

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19
Q

Binary fission

A

Division of a cell into two without mitosis; a prokaryotic cell splits to form two daughter cells

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20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

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21
Q

DNA helicase

A

An enzyme that helps the two strands of the DNA double helix unwind and separate

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22
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme used to catalyse the formation of a bond between two pieces of DNA

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23
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme capable of making an exact copies of fragments of DNA

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24
Q

G1 phase

A

The stage begins with dismantling of the structures that remain in the cell from from the previous cell division. The cell grows in size and metabolises important enzymes that are required for DNA synthesis.

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25
Q

G2 phase

A

The cell prepares it self for mitosis during this stage, synthesising the mitotic spindle and preparing for the condensation of the chromosomes.

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26
Q

Interphase

A

The stage in between nuclear division where the cell performs its everyday function.

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27
Q

Meiosis

A

A two phase type of cellular division in which the chromosome number of cell is halved to haploid a number; meiosis is the basis of gamete formation in animals and spore formation in plants

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28
Q

Metaphase

A

A stage in cell division processes of meiosis and mitosis. During this stage the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane of the cell.

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29
Q

Mitosis

A

A process of nuclear division that maintains the parental number of chromosomes for daughter cells; it is the basis of bodily growth and asexual reproduction in many eukaryotic cells.

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30
Q

Prophase

A

The first stage in the cell division process of meiosis and mitosis. Chromatin threads condense and sister chromatids become visible (held together by a centromere) a spindle forms and the nucleolus disappears, as the nuclear envelope breaks down.

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31
Q

Replication fork

A

The site of the split in the DNA double helix as caused by DNA helicase.

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32
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis occurs at this stage. The centrioles separate and replicate.

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33
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

The production of two new DNA double helix molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand.

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34
Q

Synapsis

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes

35
Q

Telophase

A

The late stage of mitosis or meiosis. In this the chromosomes regain their original form and the spindle fibres degenerate and the nuclear envelope reforms in each daughter cell.

36
Q

Zygote

A

First cell of a new individual, which is formed by fusion of a sperm and an ovum at fertilisation.

37
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative form of a gene

38
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive gene

39
Q

Dominant trait/characteristic

A

The trait that when paired with another will be present phenotypically

40
Q

Genotype

A

The collection of genes or gene profile of an individual; the range of alleles that organism processes

41
Q

Heterozygous

A

The genotype where the pair of alleles are different

42
Q

Homozygous

A

The genotype where the two alleles are both the same

43
Q

Linkage group

A

A group of genes known to be associated on a chromosome

44
Q

Linked genes

A

The tendency of two or more genes known to be inherited together during meiosis

45
Q

Locus

A

The position a gene occupies on an organism

46
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable traits of an organism that arise because of interaction between genes and the environment

47
Q

Pure breeding

A

Organisms that are homozygous for on or more loci and express that same phenotype of the genes over many generations unless a mutation occurs

48
Q

Recessive trait/characteristic

A

The trait that when paired with another is not easily seen

49
Q

Chiasma

A

The point where homologous chromosomes are joined in prophase 1 of meiosis

50
Q

Codominance

A

The quality of two heterozygous alleles that are fully expressed in the phenotype.

51
Q

Crossing over

A

parts of homologous chromosomes are exchanged, occurs at the Chiasma

52
Q

Dihybrid crosses

A

A cross of two individuals that are heterozygous at two loci

53
Q

Dominance hierarchy

A

Unknown

54
Q

First filial (F1) generation

A

The offspring of the parental generation

55
Q

Hemizygous

A

Unknown

56
Q

Independent assortment of alleles

A

Each alleles of one gene may combine independently with each of the alleles of another gene in a gamete

57
Q

Lethal gene

A

A alleles pair, that when combined causes death of the organism

58
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between organisms that involves only a single gene, usually with two different alleles.

59
Q

Multiple alleles

A

When three or more alleles of a gene exist among members of a population

60
Q

Punnet square

A

A visual representation in the form of a table of the possible genotypes and therefore phenotypes that can result from the random fusion of gametes for either one or two traits.

61
Q

Reciprocal cross

A

A cross made between two organisms to determine the pattern of inheritance or a certain characteristic.

62
Q

Recombinant chromosomes

A

Usually refers to chromosomes that have been deliberately manipulated in laboratories by isolating, cutting and recombining as a means of altering its structure and function.

63
Q

Second filial (F2) generation

A

The grandchildren of the parental generation/the children of the children, who are the children to the parental generation

64
Q

Sex linked genes

A

Genes that are carried on a sex chromosome

65
Q

Test cross

A

In genetics, a deliberate cross between two organisms to determine whether one of the individuals is heterozygous or homozygous dominant for a particular trait.

66
Q

X linked genes

A

Genes that are present on the X chromosome

67
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction form a single parent without the production of gametes

68
Q

Continuous variation

A

Variation of a characteristic in a population that is controlled by a number of genes, that is, shows multifunctional inheritance.

69
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

Variation of a characteristic in a population that is controlled by a single gene, that is, shows single (either/or) factor inheritance

70
Q

Pedigree chart

A

A graphic representation of a pedigree

71
Q

Polygenetic trait

A

A trait that is coded for by multiple loci which cumulatively impact the phenotypic expression.

72
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Two affected parents may have an unaffected child
May be heterozygous or homozygous
Does not skip generations

73
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Two unaffected parents may have an affected child
Can skip a generation
Only homozygous

74
Q

Sex-linked dominant

A

An affected father will pass it to daughters, but non of his sons.
More females will have he condition than males
Does not skip a generation.

75
Q

Sex-linked recessive

A

A mother will pass it to all of her sons but none of her daughters
Heterozygous females are called carriers
More males will have it than females
May skip a generation

76
Q

Bivalent

A

Visible bodies in a cell during prophase one of meiosis, which are made up of two homologous chromosomes joined together.

77
Q

Cancer

A

Mass of cells that divide uncontrollably

78
Q

Cell cycle

A

The sequence of events from one flee division to another

79
Q

Centrioles

A

Minute rod shaped bodies present in many resting cells jobs outside the nuclear membrane; these structures double before mitosis, moving apart from the poles of the spindle; they are usually absent in plants.

80
Q

Cleavage

A

Division of the cytoplasm in an animal cell

81
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

A shallow, ring like depression that forms at the cell surface of an animal cell undergoing cytokinesis as contractile microfilaments pull the plasma membrane inward; it defines where the cytoplasm will be cut in two.

82
Q

Disjunction

A

Moving apart of homologous chromosomes during anaphase of meiosis

83
Q

Plasmid

A

A small circular bit of DNA found in bacteria and which is able to replicate independently of the cells’ chromosomes; they can carry antibiotic resistance

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

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