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Biology BC 3&4 > 4- Detecting And Responding ✅ > Flashcards

4- Detecting And Responding ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Action potential

A

The brief change in electrical charge across a nerve impulse along the neuron

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2
Q

Autocrine hormone

A

A hormone whose target cell is the secretory cell itself

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3
Q

Axon

A

The threadlike part of a neuron that carries the nerve impulse away from the cell boys of the neuron to an effector organ or to another neuron

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4
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The rate of energy production to maintain a resting animal. It is expressed in kilojoules per square meter of body surface per hour (kJm^-2h^-1) it can be measured by the rate of oxygen consumption per unit time of the organism

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5
Q

Cell body

A

The main part of a neuron that contains the nucleus

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord in vertebrates

The nerve cords and ganglia in invertebrates

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7
Q

Connector/inter neuron

A

Neurons that connect with other neurons within the central nervous system

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8
Q

Cryptochrome

A

A set of blue light receptor proteins found in plants that regulate germination, elongation, and photoperiodism

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9
Q

Dendrite

A

The short, breaching process the cell body of a neuron

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10
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A disease of humans that results in impaired glucose metabolism

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11
Q

Ductless/endocrine glands

A

Any gland in an animal that manufactures hormones and secretes them directly into the blood stream.

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12
Q

Effector

A

Describes something, in particular an organ/gland, that carriers out an action

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13
Q

Exteroceptor

A

A receptor that receives signals from the external environment

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14
Q

Feedback

A

A process whereby the increased level of output of a biochemical system reduces production of that output.

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15
Q

Goitre

A

A swelling in the neck (behind the larynx) caused by an enlarged thyroid gland

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16
Q

Growth regulator

A

A plant ‘hormone’ or chemical that helps to coordinate plant development in response to the environment

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which internal conditions of an organism are maintained despite changes in the external environment

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18
Q

Hormone

A

A substance produced by cells (of an endocrine gland or special nerve cell) of an organism in response to a specific nervous or chemical stimulus

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19
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Elevated blood sugar

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20
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

High levels of the hormone thyroxine

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21
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Low blood sugar levels

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22
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Low levels of thyroxine

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23
Q

Interocepter

A

A receptor that receives signals from the internal environment

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24
Q

Motor neuron

A

A nerve cell that controls muscle or gland activity

25
Q

Myelin sheath

A

The lipid like material that forms an outer covering around axons of neurons

26
Q

Negative feedback

A

The process of feedback by which the action nutralises the original stimulus

27
Q

Neuron

A

A nerve cell

28
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical compound which includes acetylcholine and noradrenaline(norepinephrine), produced by neurons.

29
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

A hormone for which the target cell is close to the signal releasing cell, and the hormone is broken down too quickly to be carried to other parts of the body

30
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

All the sensory receptors, nerve tissue and effectors that work in conjunction with, by tare not apart of the CNS

31
Q

Pheromone

A

A chemical substance made and released by one organism that acts by means of communication with other organisms usually the same species

32
Q

Photoprotein

A

Light receptor protein

33
Q

positive feedback

A

The process of feedback by which the action adds to

the original stimulus

34
Q

postaglandin

A

A fatty acid hormone that is continually produced and released by the cell membrane of nearly every cell membrane of the body

35
Q

Receptor

A

A protein molecule found in cells that is able to detect a stimulus and initiate a response.

36
Q

Response

A

The resulting action of a stimulus

37
Q

Resting poteintial

A

the electrical potential difference across an unstimulated nerve cells plasma membrane

38
Q

Secondary messenger

A

Low-weight diffusible molecules that are used to relay a signal with in the cell

39
Q

Sensory neuron

A

a nerve cell that carries information from sensory receptors to the central nervous systems

40
Q

signal transduction

A

a process by which a cell converts on kind of signal to another

41
Q

stimulus

A

A change in the internal or external environment of an organism that can be detected by receptors

42
Q

Synapse

A

The microscopic gap that exists between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron or effector cell.

43
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The space between the pre-synaptic cell and post-synaptic cell across which the neurotransmitter diffuses.

44
Q

Differentiation

A

The modification of the structure and function of a cell that occurs in the course of its development and that often leads to cell specialisation

45
Q

Interstitial/tissue fluid

A

Water, containing cell nutrients and waste products, in the spaces between cells

46
Q

Stimulus response model

A

A model that shows the stimulus, detection, co-ordination centre, effector, and response

47
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled cell death

48
Q

Target cell

A

The specific cell that is targeted by a hormone or neurotransmitter/impulse

49
Q

Target protein

A

Target proteins are functional biomolecules that are addressed and controlled by biologically active compounds. They are used in the processes of transduction, transformation and conjugation

50
Q

Amino acid/protein hormone

A

A hormone base upon proteins or amino acids

51
Q

Amplification

A

The act or result of increasing in size or effect

52
Q

Antagonistic hormones

A

Hormones that act to return body conditions to within acceptable limits from opposite extremes

53
Q

Cell membrane receptor

A

A protein receptor within the cell membrane that detects a certain molecule

54
Q

Receptor hormone complex

A

The complex formed upon connection of Hormone and receptor

55
Q

Receptor protein

A

A protein molecule found in cells that detects a stimulus and intimates a response

56
Q

Signal cascade

A

The event that occurs after a secondary messenger is activated, the cascade is the secondary messenger’s secondary messenger

57
Q

Steroid hormone

A

A hormone based upon steroids, it can pass through the phospholipid bilayer

58
Q

Thyroxin

A

A hormone that controls basal and cellular metabolic rate

59
Q

Threshold

A

The lowest intensity of a stimulus that a receptor can detect and respond to.

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

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