1- The Chemical Nature of the Cell ✅ Flashcards
1
Q
Amino acid
A
The monomer of proteins
There are 20 different types
2
Q
Amphipathic
A
A molecule containing both hypertonic and hypotonic parts.
Commonly found in proteins
3
Q
Anion
A
A atom that has been oxidised and there for has a positive charge
4
Q
Atom
A
The smallest function unit of molecules
5
Q
Autoradiography
A
A image produced by radios of a substance on to another substance
6
Q
Autotroph
A
An organism that synthesises its own food
7
Q
Beta pleated sheet
A
A secondary structure of a protein that is a corrugated line of a polypeptide
8
Q
Bioinformatics
A
The science of collecting an analysing complex biological data
9
Q
Biological functionality
A
When a shape of a particular molecule is such that it can Carr out its biological function
10
Q
Biomolecules
A
The molecules that comprise all living organisms.
There are four: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids
11
Q
Buffer
A
A solution of a weak acid or base and its salt threat tends to keep its pH constant
12
Q
Carbohydrate
A
A Biomolecule that is a ring of carbons with sub structures.
It follows the general ratio of C1H2O1 (C6H12O6)
13
Q
Cation
A
An atom that has been reduced and therefore has a negative charge
14
Q
Cell
A
The smallest functioning unit of a living being
15
Q
Chemical bonds
A
The electrostatic attraction that exists between two or more atoms.
16
Q
Chemotroph
A
An organism that obtains its energy front he oxidation of chemicals
17
Q
Cholesterol
A
A lipid molecule that resides in the phospholipid bilayer and has the purpose of increasing rigidity and flexibility of the membrane
18
Q
Compounds
A
Combinations of different elements and atoms with chemical bonds
19
Q
Condensation polymerisation
A
The process of Biomolecules to join and release a water molecule in the process.
Lipids only do this when combining fatty acids with glycerol
20
Q
Conformation
A
The shape of a molecule that is determined by the three dimensional arrangement of its atoms and bonds; a molecule of water is eliminated when to monomers are bonded together
21
Q
Covalent bonds
A
Electrochemical attraction that exists between to elements/atoms that share electrons.
22
Q
Alpha helix
A
The secondary structure of the protein that is a coiling feature
23
Q
Denature
A
A process of proteins when put under harsh conditions they will change their shape and loose their purpose.
The conditions can be high temp or change of pH
24
Q
Disaccharide
A
A carbohydrate with two sugars attached to it
25
Disulfide bridges
A covalent bond containing two sulfur atoms that cross link.
It is Aprt of tertiary structures of proteins
26
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
The coding molecule that forms in a double helix structure of nucleotides.
It is composed of the four nitrogenous bases ATCG (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)
27
Electrolytes
Some sort of substance containing ions that can carry a charge
28
Electron
The subunit of the atom that orbits the nucleus and is the main component in bonding
29
Element
An atom with a certain amount to protons that defines it with certain chemical properties
30
Enzyme
A protein that has the purpose of facilitating a chemical reaction of some sort
31
Formulae
A short hand way of describing the atoms that make up a chemical substance
32
Functional groups
Special groups of atoms that are often attached to hydrocarbon molecules and confer particular chemical chemical characteristics
33
Genes
A series of DNA nucleotides that begin with a met and ends with a stop. They code for a specific proteins and consequently a characteristic
34
Genome
The total DNA of the haploid set of chromosomes in an organism
35
Genomics
The study of the genome.
How genes interact with each other and the environment
36
Glycolipid
The combination of a carbohydrate and a protein
37
Glycoproteins
Combination of a carbohydrate and a protein
38
Heterotrophs
Organisms that must eat to gain energy
39
Hydrocarbons
Molecules composed of hydrogen, and carbon.
Some of them also contain access elements such as O, S, P, and others
40
Hydrogen bond
A bond that exist between two molecules with polar charges, generally between Hydrogen and Oxygen but can also exist between H and N, or F
41
Hydrophilic
Water loving
42
Hydrophobic
Water hating
43
Intermolecular bonds
Bonds that exist between separate molecules
44
IntraMolecular bonds
Bonds that exist within molecules
45
Ion
The charged from of an element
46
Ionic bond,
A bond existing between a metal and nonmetal that is a paring of two ions
47
Ionic compounds
Compounds between ions (cation and anions) that creates a lattice
48
Isotopes
Forms of a element with different amounts of neutrons, that changes their weight
49
Lipids
A biomolecule that consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycogen
50
Liposome
A spherical vesicle with a lipid membrane
51
Macromolecules
Large molecules
52
Molecular compounds
Combinations of different elements to create a molecule
53
Monomer
The smallest unit of a biomolecule
54
Monosaccharide
The monomer of carbohydrates that is a 5 carbon ring of sugar
55
Neutron
A subunit of the atom that has no charge and exists in the nucleus
56
Non-polar
An element that has no slight charge on any atoms
57
Nucleic acids
A biomolecule that is comprised of nucleotides.
There are two types DNA & RNA
58
Nucleotides
The monomer of nucleic acids that has five alternate forms that change depending on the nitrogenous base (ATUGC)
59
Orbitals
The invisible rings that electrons are on, they surround an atom
60
Organic chemistry
A branch of chemical that looks at the biomolecules
61
Organic compound
Compounds that contain a carbon
62
Peptide bond
A bond between amino acids that create the polypeptide/peptide chain
63
pH
The scale of acidity and alkalinity that is meaured by density of [H3O+]
64
Polar
A molecule that has a slight change on opposite ends of its self
65
Polymerisation
The process of monomers being bonded together
66
Polymers
Molecules compose of many subunits
67
Polypeptide
A unstructured protein composed of amino acids
68
Polysaccharides
The polymer from of carbohydrates composed of many, perhaps repeating units of sugars
69
Proteins
The biomolecule composed of amnio acids that does literally everything.
70
Proteome
The structure and properties of all the proteins produced by a organisms genetic code
71
Proteomics
The study of proteomes
72
Proton
The subunit of the atom that has a positive change and exists with in the nucleus
73
Radiation
Particles or photons emitted from the nucleus of unstable atoms
74
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
| A type of nucleic acid that is used for DNA code transport
75
Salts
Any ionic bonding
76
Saturated
A from of a lipid with no double bonds
77
Steroids
Type of lipids that boost activity
Testosterone and oestrogen
78
Structural formulae
A two dimensional representation of a chemical
79
Symbiotic
A interaction or relationship between two or more organisms
80
Template
A molecule that serves as a pattern for the generation of another molecule
E.g DNA->RNA
81
Tracers
Radioactively labeled molecules whose path can be followed within a reaction or an organism
82
Triglyceride
A simple neutral lipid formed by linking the alcohol glycerol with three fatty acids; these lipids are stored in special storage cells in the adipose tissue of animals
83
Unsaturated
A term used to describe hydrocarbons when one or more double or triple bonds exist between the carbon atoms within the molecule
84
Valence electrons
The electrons that exist on the outer most shell of an atom.
85
What are the four biomacromolecules
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
86
What are the monomers of the biomacromolecules?
Lipids- Fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates-monosaccharides
Nucleic acids- nucleotides
Proteins- amino acids
87
What are the polymers of the biomacromolecules?
Carbohydrates-disaccharides/polysaccharides
Nucleic acids- DNA&RNA
Proteins- polypeptide
88
What is the combined from of a lipid called?
Triglyceride
89
What are the purposes that lipids can have in a organism?
Energy store
Food store
Structural components (phospholipids)
90
What are the purposes that carbohydrates can have in a organism?
Energy source
Structure
Energy store
Cell recognition
91
What are the purposes that proteins can have in a organism?
```
Structural
Organic catalyst
Transport
Defence
Recognition
Messaging
Movement
```
92
What elements are in each of the biomacromolecules
Carbohydates-CHO
lipids-CHO
Nucleic acids-CHOPN
Proteins-CHOPN
93
In proteins how many levels of structure are there
4
94
What is the primary structure of proteins
The polypeptide chain
95
What is the secondary structure of proteins
The coils and bends in the polypeptide chain know as Alpha Helixes and Beta pleated sheets, respectively.
96
What is the tertiary structure of proteins
This involves how the proteins reacts to its own polarity and charges. The bonds formed are Ionic, Hydrogen and Disulfide bridges
97
What is the quaternary structure of proteins
The formation of two or more proteins put together
98
What are the characteristics of living things
Movement, growth, able to reproduce, detect and respond to changes, take in matter and process it to provide energy, remove wastes
99
Cell theory
All living things are made of cell or are a product of a cell
All cells come from pre-existing cells
The cell is the most basic unit of life
100
Electrolytes
Dissolved ions that allow electricity to flow
101
Inorganic compound
A molecule not containing Carbon excluding CO2
102
Condensation
A reaction in which a small molecule or water is produced
103
Amylose
A long chain of glucose that is used with another molecule to make starch
104
Cellulose
A series of glucose chains connected by covalent and hydrogen bonds
105
Glucose
The most well known carbohydrate with the formula C6H12O6
106
Glycogen
A molecule of glucose that branches out.
107
Hexose sugar
A carbohydrate composed of 6 Carbons
108
Pentose sugar
A carbohydrate composed of 5 carbons
109
Primary protein
Polypeptide
110
Secondary protein structure
3D bonding such as Alpha Helixes, Beta pleated sheets, and random loops
111
Tertiary protein structure
3D such as Disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
112
Prion proteins
Proteins that switch from their secondary structure form alpha Helixes to beta pleated sheets or vies versa, in a chain reaction
113
Codon
A triplet of nucleotide bases that code for an amino acid
114
Complementary base Pair
The rule that states that C must bond to G and A to T unless it is RNA in which A bonds to U
115
Double helix
The double spiral of the phosphate and deoxyribose back bone with the nucleotides
116
Nitrogenous base
A molecule of a nucleic acids that crates a code on
117
Transcription
The process involving the in zipping of the double helix to allow replication of the code (mRNA)
118
Translation
The joining of amino acids to create a peptide strand as a result of tRNA and mRNA
119
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional
120
Fatty acid
A long chain of hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end that when condensing forms a ester
121
Glycerol
A three carbon chain, with three hydroxyl groups, it forms the back bone of a lipid
122
Phospholipid
A lipid that has had a fatty acid replaced with an phosphate
