Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology BC 3&4 > 1- The Chemical Nature of the Cell ✅ > Flashcards

1- The Chemical Nature of the Cell ✅ Flashcards

1
Q

Amino acid

A

The monomer of proteins

There are 20 different types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule containing both hypertonic and hypotonic parts.

Commonly found in proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anion

A

A atom that has been oxidised and there for has a positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest function unit of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Autoradiography

A

A image produced by radios of a substance on to another substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that synthesises its own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Beta pleated sheet

A

A secondary structure of a protein that is a corrugated line of a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The science of collecting an analysing complex biological data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biological functionality

A

When a shape of a particular molecule is such that it can Carr out its biological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biomolecules

A

The molecules that comprise all living organisms.

There are four: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Buffer

A

A solution of a weak acid or base and its salt threat tends to keep its pH constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A Biomolecule that is a ring of carbons with sub structures.
It follows the general ratio of C1H2O1 (C6H12O6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cation

A

An atom that has been reduced and therefore has a negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cell

A

The smallest functioning unit of a living being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chemical bonds

A

The electrostatic attraction that exists between two or more atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chemotroph

A

An organism that obtains its energy front he oxidation of chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid molecule that resides in the phospholipid bilayer and has the purpose of increasing rigidity and flexibility of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compounds

A

Combinations of different elements and atoms with chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

The process of Biomolecules to join and release a water molecule in the process.
Lipids only do this when combining fatty acids with glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Conformation

A

The shape of a molecule that is determined by the three dimensional arrangement of its atoms and bonds; a molecule of water is eliminated when to monomers are bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrochemical attraction that exists between to elements/atoms that share electrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alpha helix

A

The secondary structure of the protein that is a coiling feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Denature

A

A process of proteins when put under harsh conditions they will change their shape and loose their purpose.

The conditions can be high temp or change of pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate with two sugars attached to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

A covalent bond containing two sulfur atoms that cross link.

It is Aprt of tertiary structures of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
The coding molecule that forms in a double helix structure of nucleotides.

It is composed of the four nitrogenous bases ATCG (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Electrolytes

A

Some sort of substance containing ions that can carry a charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Electron

A

The subunit of the atom that orbits the nucleus and is the main component in bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Element

A

An atom with a certain amount to protons that defines it with certain chemical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that has the purpose of facilitating a chemical reaction of some sort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Formulae

A

A short hand way of describing the atoms that make up a chemical substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Functional groups

A

Special groups of atoms that are often attached to hydrocarbon molecules and confer particular chemical chemical characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Genes

A

A series of DNA nucleotides that begin with a met and ends with a stop. They code for a specific proteins and consequently a characteristic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Genome

A

The total DNA of the haploid set of chromosomes in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Genomics

A

The study of the genome.

How genes interact with each other and the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Glycolipid

A

The combination of a carbohydrate and a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Combination of a carbohydrate and a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must eat to gain energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules composed of hydrogen, and carbon.

Some of them also contain access elements such as O, S, P, and others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A bond that exist between two molecules with polar charges, generally between Hydrogen and Oxygen but can also exist between H and N, or F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Intermolecular bonds

A

Bonds that exist between separate molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

IntraMolecular bonds

A

Bonds that exist within molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Ion

A

The charged from of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ionic bond,

A

A bond existing between a metal and nonmetal that is a paring of two ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ionic compounds

A

Compounds between ions (cation and anions) that creates a lattice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Isotopes

A

Forms of a element with different amounts of neutrons, that changes their weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Lipids

A

A biomolecule that consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycogen

50
Q

Liposome

A

A spherical vesicle with a lipid membrane

51
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules

52
Q

Molecular compounds

A

Combinations of different elements to create a molecule

53
Q

Monomer

A

The smallest unit of a biomolecule

54
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The monomer of carbohydrates that is a 5 carbon ring of sugar

55
Q

Neutron

A

A subunit of the atom that has no charge and exists in the nucleus

56
Q

Non-polar

A

An element that has no slight charge on any atoms

57
Q

Nucleic acids

A

A biomolecule that is comprised of nucleotides.

There are two types DNA & RNA

58
Q

Nucleotides

A

The monomer of nucleic acids that has five alternate forms that change depending on the nitrogenous base (ATUGC)

59
Q

Orbitals

A

The invisible rings that electrons are on, they surround an atom

60
Q

Organic chemistry

A

A branch of chemical that looks at the biomolecules

61
Q

Organic compound

A

Compounds that contain a carbon

62
Q

Peptide bond

A

A bond between amino acids that create the polypeptide/peptide chain

63
Q

pH

A

The scale of acidity and alkalinity that is meaured by density of [H3O+]

64
Q

Polar

A

A molecule that has a slight change on opposite ends of its self

65
Q

Polymerisation

A

The process of monomers being bonded together

66
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules compose of many subunits

67
Q

Polypeptide

A

A unstructured protein composed of amino acids

68
Q

Polysaccharides

A

The polymer from of carbohydrates composed of many, perhaps repeating units of sugars

69
Q

Proteins

A

The biomolecule composed of amnio acids that does literally everything.

70
Q

Proteome

A

The structure and properties of all the proteins produced by a organisms genetic code

71
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of proteomes

72
Q

Proton

A

The subunit of the atom that has a positive change and exists with in the nucleus

73
Q

Radiation

A

Particles or photons emitted from the nucleus of unstable atoms

74
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

A type of nucleic acid that is used for DNA code transport

75
Q

Salts

A

Any ionic bonding

76
Q

Saturated

A

A from of a lipid with no double bonds

77
Q

Steroids

A

Type of lipids that boost activity

Testosterone and oestrogen

78
Q

Structural formulae

A

A two dimensional representation of a chemical

79
Q

Symbiotic

A

A interaction or relationship between two or more organisms

80
Q

Template

A

A molecule that serves as a pattern for the generation of another molecule
E.g DNA->RNA

81
Q

Tracers

A

Radioactively labeled molecules whose path can be followed within a reaction or an organism

82
Q

Triglyceride

A

A simple neutral lipid formed by linking the alcohol glycerol with three fatty acids; these lipids are stored in special storage cells in the adipose tissue of animals

83
Q

Unsaturated

A

A term used to describe hydrocarbons when one or more double or triple bonds exist between the carbon atoms within the molecule

84
Q

Valence electrons

A

The electrons that exist on the outer most shell of an atom.

85
Q

What are the four biomacromolecules

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins

86
Q

What are the monomers of the biomacromolecules?

A

Lipids- Fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates-monosaccharides
Nucleic acids- nucleotides
Proteins- amino acids

87
Q

What are the polymers of the biomacromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates-disaccharides/polysaccharides
Nucleic acids- DNA&RNA
Proteins- polypeptide

88
Q

What is the combined from of a lipid called?

A

Triglyceride

89
Q

What are the purposes that lipids can have in a organism?

A

Energy store
Food store
Structural components (phospholipids)

90
Q

What are the purposes that carbohydrates can have in a organism?

A

Energy source
Structure
Energy store
Cell recognition

91
Q

What are the purposes that proteins can have in a organism?

A 
Structural
Organic catalyst 
Transport
Defence
Recognition
Messaging 
Movement
92
Q

What elements are in each of the biomacromolecules

A

Carbohydates-CHO
lipids-CHO
Nucleic acids-CHOPN
Proteins-CHOPN

93
Q

In proteins how many levels of structure are there

94
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins

A

The polypeptide chain

95
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins

A

The coils and bends in the polypeptide chain know as Alpha Helixes and Beta pleated sheets, respectively.

96
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins

A

This involves how the proteins reacts to its own polarity and charges. The bonds formed are Ionic, Hydrogen and Disulfide bridges

97
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins

A

The formation of two or more proteins put together

98
Q

What are the characteristics of living things

A

Movement, growth, able to reproduce, detect and respond to changes, take in matter and process it to provide energy, remove wastes

99
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cell or are a product of a cell
All cells come from pre-existing cells
The cell is the most basic unit of life

100
Q

Electrolytes

A

Dissolved ions that allow electricity to flow

101
Q

Inorganic compound

A

A molecule not containing Carbon excluding CO2

102
Q

Condensation

A

A reaction in which a small molecule or water is produced

103
Q

Amylose

A

A long chain of glucose that is used with another molecule to make starch

104
Q

Cellulose

A

A series of glucose chains connected by covalent and hydrogen bonds

105
Q

Glucose

A

The most well known carbohydrate with the formula C6H12O6

106
Q

Glycogen

A

A molecule of glucose that branches out.

107
Q

Hexose sugar

A

A carbohydrate composed of 6 Carbons

108
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A carbohydrate composed of 5 carbons

109
Q

Primary protein

A

Polypeptide

110
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

3D bonding such as Alpha Helixes, Beta pleated sheets, and random loops

111
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D such as Disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds

112
Q

Prion proteins

A

Proteins that switch from their secondary structure form alpha Helixes to beta pleated sheets or vies versa, in a chain reaction

113
Q

Codon

A

A triplet of nucleotide bases that code for an amino acid

114
Q

Complementary base Pair

A

The rule that states that C must bond to G and A to T unless it is RNA in which A bonds to U

115
Q

Double helix

A

The double spiral of the phosphate and deoxyribose back bone with the nucleotides

116
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A molecule of a nucleic acids that crates a code on

117
Q

Transcription

A

The process involving the in zipping of the double helix to allow replication of the code (mRNA)

118
Q

Translation

A

The joining of amino acids to create a peptide strand as a result of tRNA and mRNA

119
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional

120
Q

Fatty acid

A

A long chain of hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end that when condensing forms a ester

121
Q

Glycerol

A

A three carbon chain, with three hydroxyl groups, it forms the back bone of a lipid

122
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid that has had a fatty acid replaced with an phosphate

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions