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Biology BC 3&4 > 1- The Chemical Nature of the Cell ✅ > Flashcards

1- The Chemical Nature of the Cell ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Amino acid

A

The monomer of proteins

There are 20 different types

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2
Q

Amphipathic

A

A molecule containing both hypertonic and hypotonic parts.

Commonly found in proteins

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3
Q

Anion

A

A atom that has been oxidised and there for has a positive charge

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest function unit of molecules

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5
Q

Autoradiography

A

A image produced by radios of a substance on to another substance

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6
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that synthesises its own food

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7
Q

Beta pleated sheet

A

A secondary structure of a protein that is a corrugated line of a polypeptide

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8
Q

Bioinformatics

A

The science of collecting an analysing complex biological data

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9
Q

Biological functionality

A

When a shape of a particular molecule is such that it can Carr out its biological function

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10
Q

Biomolecules

A

The molecules that comprise all living organisms.

There are four: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids

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11
Q

Buffer

A

A solution of a weak acid or base and its salt threat tends to keep its pH constant

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12
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A Biomolecule that is a ring of carbons with sub structures.
It follows the general ratio of C1H2O1 (C6H12O6)

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13
Q

Cation

A

An atom that has been reduced and therefore has a negative charge

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14
Q

Cell

A

The smallest functioning unit of a living being

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15
Q

Chemical bonds

A

The electrostatic attraction that exists between two or more atoms.

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16
Q

Chemotroph

A

An organism that obtains its energy front he oxidation of chemicals

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid molecule that resides in the phospholipid bilayer and has the purpose of increasing rigidity and flexibility of the membrane

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18
Q

Compounds

A

Combinations of different elements and atoms with chemical bonds

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19
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

The process of Biomolecules to join and release a water molecule in the process.
Lipids only do this when combining fatty acids with glycerol

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20
Q

Conformation

A

The shape of a molecule that is determined by the three dimensional arrangement of its atoms and bonds; a molecule of water is eliminated when to monomers are bonded together

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21
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Electrochemical attraction that exists between to elements/atoms that share electrons.

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22
Q

Alpha helix

A

The secondary structure of the protein that is a coiling feature

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23
Q

Denature

A

A process of proteins when put under harsh conditions they will change their shape and loose their purpose.

The conditions can be high temp or change of pH

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24
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carbohydrate with two sugars attached to it

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25
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

A covalent bond containing two sulfur atoms that cross link.

It is Aprt of tertiary structures of proteins

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26
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
The coding molecule that forms in a double helix structure of nucleotides.

It is composed of the four nitrogenous bases ATCG (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

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27
Q

Electrolytes

A

Some sort of substance containing ions that can carry a charge

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28
Q

Electron

A

The subunit of the atom that orbits the nucleus and is the main component in bonding

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29
Q

Element

A

An atom with a certain amount to protons that defines it with certain chemical properties

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30
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that has the purpose of facilitating a chemical reaction of some sort

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31
Q

Formulae

A

A short hand way of describing the atoms that make up a chemical substance

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32
Q

Functional groups

A

Special groups of atoms that are often attached to hydrocarbon molecules and confer particular chemical chemical characteristics

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33
Q

Genes

A

A series of DNA nucleotides that begin with a met and ends with a stop. They code for a specific proteins and consequently a characteristic

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34
Q

Genome

A

The total DNA of the haploid set of chromosomes in an organism

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35
Q

Genomics

A

The study of the genome.

How genes interact with each other and the environment

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36
Q

Glycolipid

A

The combination of a carbohydrate and a protein

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37
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Combination of a carbohydrate and a protein

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38
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Organisms that must eat to gain energy

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39
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules composed of hydrogen, and carbon.

Some of them also contain access elements such as O, S, P, and others

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40
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A bond that exist between two molecules with polar charges, generally between Hydrogen and Oxygen but can also exist between H and N, or F

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41
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

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42
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

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43
Q

Intermolecular bonds

A

Bonds that exist between separate molecules

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44
Q

IntraMolecular bonds

A

Bonds that exist within molecules

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45
Q

Ion

A

The charged from of an element

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46
Q

Ionic bond,

A

A bond existing between a metal and nonmetal that is a paring of two ions

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47
Q

Ionic compounds

A

Compounds between ions (cation and anions) that creates a lattice

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48
Q

Isotopes

A

Forms of a element with different amounts of neutrons, that changes their weight

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49
Q

Lipids

A

A biomolecule that consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycogen

50
Q

Liposome

A

A spherical vesicle with a lipid membrane

51
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules

52
Q

Molecular compounds

A

Combinations of different elements to create a molecule

53
Q

Monomer

A

The smallest unit of a biomolecule

54
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The monomer of carbohydrates that is a 5 carbon ring of sugar

55
Q

Neutron

A

A subunit of the atom that has no charge and exists in the nucleus

56
Q

Non-polar

A

An element that has no slight charge on any atoms

57
Q

Nucleic acids

A

A biomolecule that is comprised of nucleotides.

There are two types DNA & RNA

58
Q

Nucleotides

A

The monomer of nucleic acids that has five alternate forms that change depending on the nitrogenous base (ATUGC)

59
Q

Orbitals

A

The invisible rings that electrons are on, they surround an atom

60
Q

Organic chemistry

A

A branch of chemical that looks at the biomolecules

61
Q

Organic compound

A

Compounds that contain a carbon

62
Q

Peptide bond

A

A bond between amino acids that create the polypeptide/peptide chain

63
Q

pH

A

The scale of acidity and alkalinity that is meaured by density of [H3O+]

64
Q

Polar

A

A molecule that has a slight change on opposite ends of its self

65
Q

Polymerisation

A

The process of monomers being bonded together

66
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules compose of many subunits

67
Q

Polypeptide

A

A unstructured protein composed of amino acids

68
Q

Polysaccharides

A

The polymer from of carbohydrates composed of many, perhaps repeating units of sugars

69
Q

Proteins

A

The biomolecule composed of amnio acids that does literally everything.

70
Q

Proteome

A

The structure and properties of all the proteins produced by a organisms genetic code

71
Q

Proteomics

A

The study of proteomes

72
Q

Proton

A

The subunit of the atom that has a positive change and exists with in the nucleus

73
Q

Radiation

A

Particles or photons emitted from the nucleus of unstable atoms

74
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid

A type of nucleic acid that is used for DNA code transport

75
Q

Salts

A

Any ionic bonding

76
Q

Saturated

A

A from of a lipid with no double bonds

77
Q

Steroids

A

Type of lipids that boost activity

Testosterone and oestrogen

78
Q

Structural formulae

A

A two dimensional representation of a chemical

79
Q

Symbiotic

A

A interaction or relationship between two or more organisms

80
Q

Template

A

A molecule that serves as a pattern for the generation of another molecule
E.g DNA->RNA

81
Q

Tracers

A

Radioactively labeled molecules whose path can be followed within a reaction or an organism

82
Q

Triglyceride

A

A simple neutral lipid formed by linking the alcohol glycerol with three fatty acids; these lipids are stored in special storage cells in the adipose tissue of animals

83
Q

Unsaturated

A

A term used to describe hydrocarbons when one or more double or triple bonds exist between the carbon atoms within the molecule

84
Q

Valence electrons

A

The electrons that exist on the outer most shell of an atom.

85
Q

What are the four biomacromolecules

A

Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins

86
Q

What are the monomers of the biomacromolecules?

A

Lipids- Fatty acids and glycerol
Carbohydrates-monosaccharides
Nucleic acids- nucleotides
Proteins- amino acids

87
Q

What are the polymers of the biomacromolecules?

A

Carbohydrates-disaccharides/polysaccharides
Nucleic acids- DNA&RNA
Proteins- polypeptide

88
Q

What is the combined from of a lipid called?

A

Triglyceride

89
Q

What are the purposes that lipids can have in a organism?

A

Energy store
Food store
Structural components (phospholipids)

90
Q

What are the purposes that carbohydrates can have in a organism?

A

Energy source
Structure
Energy store
Cell recognition

91
Q

What are the purposes that proteins can have in a organism?

A 
Structural
Organic catalyst 
Transport
Defence
Recognition
Messaging 
Movement
92
Q

What elements are in each of the biomacromolecules

A

Carbohydates-CHO
lipids-CHO
Nucleic acids-CHOPN
Proteins-CHOPN

93
Q

In proteins how many levels of structure are there

A

4

94
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins

A

The polypeptide chain

95
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins

A

The coils and bends in the polypeptide chain know as Alpha Helixes and Beta pleated sheets, respectively.

96
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins

A

This involves how the proteins reacts to its own polarity and charges. The bonds formed are Ionic, Hydrogen and Disulfide bridges

97
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins

A

The formation of two or more proteins put together

98
Q

What are the characteristics of living things

A

Movement, growth, able to reproduce, detect and respond to changes, take in matter and process it to provide energy, remove wastes

99
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made of cell or are a product of a cell
All cells come from pre-existing cells
The cell is the most basic unit of life

100
Q

Electrolytes

A

Dissolved ions that allow electricity to flow

101
Q

Inorganic compound

A

A molecule not containing Carbon excluding CO2

102
Q

Condensation

A

A reaction in which a small molecule or water is produced

103
Q

Amylose

A

A long chain of glucose that is used with another molecule to make starch

104
Q

Cellulose

A

A series of glucose chains connected by covalent and hydrogen bonds

105
Q

Glucose

A

The most well known carbohydrate with the formula C6H12O6

106
Q

Glycogen

A

A molecule of glucose that branches out.

107
Q

Hexose sugar

A

A carbohydrate composed of 6 Carbons

108
Q

Pentose sugar

A

A carbohydrate composed of 5 carbons

109
Q

Primary protein

A

Polypeptide

110
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

3D bonding such as Alpha Helixes, Beta pleated sheets, and random loops

111
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

3D such as Disulfide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds

112
Q

Prion proteins

A

Proteins that switch from their secondary structure form alpha Helixes to beta pleated sheets or vies versa, in a chain reaction

113
Q

Codon

A

A triplet of nucleotide bases that code for an amino acid

114
Q

Complementary base Pair

A

The rule that states that C must bond to G and A to T unless it is RNA in which A bonds to U

115
Q

Double helix

A

The double spiral of the phosphate and deoxyribose back bone with the nucleotides

116
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

A molecule of a nucleic acids that crates a code on

117
Q

Transcription

A

The process involving the in zipping of the double helix to allow replication of the code (mRNA)

118
Q

Translation

A

The joining of amino acids to create a peptide strand as a result of tRNA and mRNA

119
Q

Gene expression

A

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional

120
Q

Fatty acid

A

A long chain of hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end that when condensing forms a ester

121
Q

Glycerol

A

A three carbon chain, with three hydroxyl groups, it forms the back bone of a lipid

122
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid that has had a fatty acid replaced with an phosphate

Biology BC 3&4 (12 decks)

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