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YR2 - Clinical Pathology > 8. Cardio > Flashcards

8. Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

Transmural vs subendocardial myocardial infarction

A

subendocardial = 1/3 thickness affected

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2
Q

common complication of MI?

A

Arrhythmia

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3
Q

Creatine Kinase can be found where? (3)

A

skeletal muscle // brain // heart

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4
Q

Troponins T + I are released from what?

A

Myocytes

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5
Q

90% of hypertension are what?

A

Primary essential

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6
Q

Secondary HTN is caused by things like w hat?

A

other disease / drugs -> Conn’s // NSAIDS

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7
Q

Cor Pulmonale =

caused by =

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy

pulmonary HTN

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8
Q

How big does an aneurysm need to be for surgery

A

> 5.5 cm

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9
Q

True vs False aneurysm

A

true = bounded by all parts of arterial wall

false = bounded by only Adventitia layer

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10
Q

False aneurysms can led to what?

A

Extravascular haematoma

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11
Q

Dissections commonly affect what area?

A

Ascending aorta

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12
Q

Cumultaive chronic workload can lead to what? What type?

A

Congestive heart failure => Insidiously

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13
Q

Acute haemodynamic stress from fluid overloads or a large MI can lead to what failure? What type?

A

Congestive heart failure => Sudden

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14
Q

Pre-renal azotemia is pre-seeded by what?

A

Left sided HF

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15
Q

Stenosis =

A

Failure of valve to open completely

impedes forward blood flow

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16
Q

Regurgitation =

A

Failure of valve to close properly

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17
Q

What kind of overload occurs in stenosis?

A

Pressure overload

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18
Q

What kind of overload occurs in regurgitation?

A

Volume overload

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19
Q

in CHD, secundum is a defect in whaat?

A

Fossa Ovalis

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20
Q

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common type of CHD and generally is affected in what part?

A

membranous septum = 90%

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21
Q

large holes found in VSD can lead to what?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

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22
Q

tetralogy of fallot (4) =

A

Large VSD
Overriding aorta
pulmonary valve stenosis
R.v Hypertrophy

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23
Q

Cause of tetralogy of fallot =

A

Anterosuperior displacement of infundibular septum during embryology

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24
Q

Coractation of aorta generally occurs where?

A

Where ductus arteriosus enters

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25
Q

What syndrome is associated with coarctation of the aorta?

A

Turners

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26
Q

Hypoplastic L.heart syndrome (4) =

A

small hypoplastic aorta
Atrial septal defect
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Small hypoplastic left ventriculum

27
Q

Oestrogen’s role in endothelium

A

Oestrogen reduced endothelial dysfunction

*** important in PVD

28
Q

6P’s in chronic PVD

A

6P’s dont show in Chronic PVD

29
Q

Is intermittent claudication + reduced pulses found in chronic PVD

(pain relived by rest // hurts on exertion)

A

yes

30
Q

Giant cell arteritis affects what artery? Where is it found

A

temporal artery => Head

31
Q

Giant cell arteritis is what type of hypersensitivity

A

Type 4 Hypersens

32
Q

A PMH of …. is common in giant cell arteritis

A

Polymyalgia Rheumatica

33
Q

In infective endocarditis, what is commonly affected

A

Valves

34
Q

Streptococcus viridans

Streptococcus bovis

Both are associated with infective endocarditis => what re they associated with?

A

Viridans => Dentists

Bovis => Colorectal cancer

35
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus epidermis

Both are associated with infective endocarditis => what re they associated with?

A

aureus => Normal heart

Epidermis => Prosthetic Heart valve

Staphylococcus > Streptococcus => Infective endocarditis

36
Q

Common VIRAL cause of pericarditis

A

Coxsackie B

37
Q

Myocarditis can lead to what dysfunction?

A

electrical dysfunction

38
Q

Rheumatic fever is a complication with what bacteria?

A

Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis

39
Q

What protein is key in rheumtaic fever?

A

M protein

40
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy is what type of inheritance?

A

Autosomal Dominant

41
Q

What bacteria is found in Catheter related blood-stream infection (CRBSI)

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci

42
Q

4 causes of continuous bacteraemia

A

Endocarditis // Mycotic aneurysm // Pacing lead infection // infected DVT

(continuous source of bacteria that always leads to bacteria in blood)

43
Q

4 causes of intermittent bacteraemia

A

Pneumonia // Pylenonephritis // abscess // meningitis

bacteria in blood can be cleared but found because primary source isnt cleared

44
Q

renin is released from what?

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus in kidney

45
Q

Infective Endocarditis generally causes what to valves?

A

Regurgitation

46
Q

Acute vs chronic pericarditis (time)

A

Acute = less thn 6 months

Chronic = Greater than 6 months

47
Q

most typical cause of pericarditis

A

Viral

48
Q

post heart attack syndrome =

A

Dresslers syndrome

49
Q

Type of hypersensitivity of Rheumatic fever

A

Type 2

50
Q

What are the 4 types of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated
Restrictive
Hypertrophic
Arrythmogenic Right ventricular cardiomyopathy

51
Q

Acute pyogenic meningitis is caused by what?

A

Bacteria

52
Q

Aseptic meningitis is caused by what?

A

virus

53
Q

Chronic meningitis is generally caused by what (2)

A

TB // Crypotococcus neoformans

54
Q

Common route of spread to form meningitis

A

haematogenous

55
Q

What uses the peripheral nerves to infect the CNS in meningitis?

A

Herpes // Rabies

56
Q

Encephalitis affects what?

generally caused by what?

A

Brain parenchyma

Herpes

57
Q

Rabies replication cycle ends at what point?

A

Salivary gland

58
Q

Brain abscess are generally found from what cause location*?

A

Ear

59
Q

meningitis is the inflammatory process of what?

A

Leptomeninges + CSF

60
Q

dogs + bats are the root cause of what?

A

Rabies

61
Q

if px has prediagnosis of HIV, what organism could be involved with a brain abscess?

A

toxoplasma gondii

62
Q

what can be protective in AAA

A

diabetes mellitus

63
Q

osler nodes // jenways =>

A

infective endocarditis

64
Q

what kind of inflammation is found in Giant Cell Arteritis?

A

granulomatous inflammation

YR2 - Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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