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YR2 - Clinical Pathology > 6. Haemotology > Flashcards

6. Haemotology Flashcards

1
Q

Myeloma

A

Malignant disorder of plasma cells

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2
Q

What is found as a diagnosis tool in myeloma?

A

M spike in protein electrophoresis

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3
Q

Amyloid Light Chain Amylodosis

Whats formed

A

Creation of missfolded proteins created by Plasma cells

Beta pleated fibrils

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4
Q

Lymphomas

A

Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes

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5
Q

T (14:18) is a type of what?

A

Follicular lymphoma

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6
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia

Epi?

A

Malignant disorder of mature B cells

Most common type of leukaemia

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7
Q

Tumnour Lysis Syndrome

What is released

A

Rapid breakdown of tumour cells

Potassium + phosphate

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8
Q

CAR-T therapy

A

Genetically modify own T cells towards cancer

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9
Q

Rivaroxaban (apixaban) is a type of direct oral anticoagulants and inhibits what?

A

Inhibitor of Factor Xa

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10
Q

Dabigatran is a type of direct oral anticoagulants and inhibits what?

A

Direct thrombin inhibitor

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11
Q

What is a product of VTE that is used as a diagnosis tool?

A

D dimer

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12
Q

Thrombophilia

A

familial disorder that leads to predisposure of thrombosis

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13
Q

Factor V Leiden

A

Most common familial thrombophilia

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14
Q

Prothrombin 20210A is a type of what?

What happens

A

Thrombophilia

Increased prothrombin levels

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15
Q

LMWH does what to platelet function

A

DOES NOT inhibit platelet function

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16
Q

Unfractionated does what to platelet function

A

DOES INHIBIT platelet function

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17
Q

Protamine sulphate is used in what?

A

Treatment of bleeding with LMWH + Unfractionated heparin

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18
Q

Warfarin reduces production of what?

What is then affected in the cascade production

A

Vit K

2,7,9,10 C + S

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19
Q

Aspirin inactivates what reducing what?

A

COX ==> Thromboxane A2

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20
Q

Clopidogrel // Prasugrel // Ticagrelor are all types

A

P2Y12 => platelet

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21
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) leads to generation of what?

A

Generation of thrombin

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22
Q

Iron is absorbed how? How is it excreted?

A

Absorbed in gut mucosa

Not excreted

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23
Q

How is iron transported?

How is iron stored?

A

Transferrin

Ferritin

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24
Q

Megaloblastic Anaemia is caused by what? (3)

A

Impaired DNA synthesis

  • -> B12 / Folic acid def
  • -> Drugs
  • -> Alcohol
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25
Q

What is the regulator of iron absorption?

What is it released from?

A

Hepcidin

Macrophages

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26
Q

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is what?

A

Immune disorder that attacks platelets = Thrombocytopenia

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27
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP) is what?

A

Thrombocytopenia where many clots occur leading to low platelets

Thrombocytopenia

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28
Q

Primitive Cells that are used in haemopoiesis develop from what?

A

Yolk sac

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29
Q

What type of anaemia is IDA

A

Microcytic

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30
Q

In Vitamin B12 anaemia, what happens to the neutrophils and macrocytes

A

Hyper segmented neutrophils + Oval macrocytes

31
Q

What shape of RBC occurs in IDA?

A

Pencil Shapes

32
Q

Leucodepletion?

A

Removal of WBC to leave RBC alone

33
Q

Apheresis platelets vs pooled platelets?

A

Apheresis -> Platelets removed and other parts returned back to donor

Pooled -> Different donors in 1 pack

34
Q

Fresh frozen plasma contains what?

A

Clotting factors

35
Q

Cryoprecipitate is used as what?

A

Concentrated source of fibrinogen => DIC / Haemorrhage

36
Q

Febrile non haemolytic transfusion consists of what?

A

Cytokines that have accumulated in donor transfusion which leads to febrile in recipitant

37
Q

TACO (transfusion associated circulatory overload) is what?

A

Volume excess from transfusion = Pulmonary oedema

38
Q

Acute haemolytic reaction is generally caused by what in transfusion

A

ABO incompatibility

39
Q

Delayed haemolytic reaction is generally caused by what in transfusion?

A

AB forming after exposure

40
Q

What kind of antigens are affected in delayed haemolytic reaction?

A

Rhesus / Kell / Duffy / Kidd

41
Q

Transfusion Related Acute lung Injury?

A

AB in blood against recipients leucocytes

Donor against host

42
Q

If the bleeding disorder is congenital, how many defects are present?

A

Single (one)

43
Q

If the bleeding disorder is acquired, how many defects are present?

A

Multiple

44
Q

vWF is what type of condition?

Epi? Whos affected the most

A

Autosomal Dominant

Most common bleeding disorder

Group O most common

45
Q

Haemophilia A =

A

Factor 8 Def

46
Q

Haemophilia B =

A

Factor 9 Def

47
Q

What type of genetic condition is haemophilia?

A

X - linked recessive

48
Q

What inheritance is thalassaemia?

A

Autosomal recessive

49
Q

What chromosomes are the globin chains?

A

11 + 16

50
Q

Which globin chain is the most predominant form?

A

Hb - A

51
Q

Sickle Cell Heterozygote trait electrophoresis characteristic?

A

Hb S (45%) // Hb A

52
Q

Sickle Cell Homozygote trait

A

Hb S / S

53
Q

Thalassaemia is caused by an imbalance of what?

A

Alpha - Beta Globin chains

54
Q

What type of thalassaemia is Hb Barts? What occurs?

A

Alpha Thalassaemia

No Alpha chains

55
Q

In HbH, what type of thalassaemia is it? What occurs?

A

Alpha Thalassaemia

Reduced number of Alpha chains

56
Q

B thalassemia is caused by an excess of what?

A

Alpha chains

57
Q

Which is more severe, B thalassaemia Major or Thalassaemia intermedia?

A

Major

58
Q

Giving a transfusion to a thalassaemic patient can lead to what?

A

Iron Overload

59
Q

Acute myeloid leukaemia leads to what (pathology)

A

Accumulation of AML / ALL precursors in bone marrow

60
Q

What chromosome is usually affected in AML

A

Chromosome 16

61
Q

30% of AML patients have what type of mutation

A

FTL3

62
Q

What are these all types of? :

Polycythaemia Vera (PV)

Essential Thrombocytosis

Idiopathic myelofibrosis

A

Chronic Myeloproliferative disorders

63
Q

In Polycythaemia Vera (PV), what occurs?

A

Increase in RBC / Neutrophils / Platelets

64
Q

In Essential Thrombocytosis, what occurs?

A

Increased platelets

65
Q

CALR + JAK mutations can lead to what?

A

Essential Thrombocytosis

66
Q

JAK tyrosine kinases are important for what?

A

EPO signalling pathway

67
Q

T (9:22) Philadelphia is found in what?

A

CML

68
Q

CRAB is used in what disease

A

Myeloma

69
Q

what type of mutation occurs in alpha thalassaemia

A

Deletions

70
Q

what type of mutation occurs in beta thalassaemia

A

point mutations

71
Q

what type of deficiency would lead to an increase in thrombotic events

A

Protein C def

72
Q

infection of catheters, prostheses and ventriculo-peritoneal shunts bacterial organism

A

coagulase negative staph

73
Q

can pernicious anaemia affect fertility

A

PA => Affect fertility

74
Q

CN palsy is a complication of what

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

YR2 - Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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