5. Gyno + Breast Flashcards
TORCH
Toxoplasmosis / Others / Rubella / CMV / HSV
others
–> Syphilis / HIV / Cox / Hep B / VZV
Is group B streptococcus done as part of routine test?
No
does more harm than good
Post prolonged rupture of membranes leads to what during pregnancy?
Intra-amniotic infections
Intra-amniotic infection pathogenesis
Bacteria in vagina ascend through cervix
Puerperium
6 weeks after childbirth where reproductive organs return to original non-pregnant condition
Puerperal endometritis
Uterine infection during puerperium
Intra-amniotic infections + puerperal endometritis common causative agents (2)
GBS + E.coli
Most common symptom presenting in childhood infections
respiratory
Croup
Inflammation / narrowing of subloglottic region of larynx
Croup is generally caused by what
Viral infection
3 symptoms of Croup
Stridor // Barking cough // Hoarseness
Otitis Media
Middle ear infection
Main cause of otitis media
streptococcus pneumoniae
Main cause of LRTI
Respiratory syncytial virus
Pertussis is caused by what
Bordetella Pertussis
What are the 3 stages of pertussis (in order)
Catarrhal (cold like 7-10 days)
Paroxysmal (whooping sound 2-6 weeks)
Convalescent phase
Common cause of meningitis in neonates
GBS / E.coli / Listeria
Common cause of meningitis in >1 - 5 years
Streptococcus Pneumoniae // Neisseria meningitis
Common cause of meningitis < 1 yr
Viral Meningitis
Common cause of meningitis < 3 months
Enteroviruses
Impetigo is geenerally cxaused by what? (2)
Staph aureus // Streptococcus pyogenes
what is impetigo
Skin infection
Scarlet fever is generally caused by what?
Group A Beta-haemolytic streptococcus
2 symptoms of scarlet fever
Rash on face + Rough sandpaper skin
What are not found in male breast (5)
Lob Ter Co Fib Cy
Lobules Terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) Coopers ligaments Fibroadenomas cysts
Lactiferous duct drains into what next to the areola
Lactiferous sinus
How many lobules are in a breast
15-20
What produces milk
Acinus
Acinus contains what cells (inner + outer)
Inner => Ductal epithelial cells
outer => Myoepithelial cells
Fibrocystic disease consists of what (2) (describe cyst / plasia)
cyst formation // mild hyperplasia without atypia
is fibrocystic disease bilateral // unilateral?
Bilateral
Fibroadenoma has what type of lump?
Mobile + painless
What components are affected in a fibroadenoma
stromal + epithelial
Who are at most risk in a fibroadenoma?
Women 20-30years
DCIS is found in what?
Parenchymal structures
what is DCIS a precursor of?
Invasive Carcinoma
Breast cancer affects what cell type
Breast parenchyma // accessory breast tissue
Endometriosis is what?
Ectopic endometrial tissue
Endometriosis has what theory?
Regurgitation theory -> blood goes back on itself and doesnt leave vagina // enters perineum and starts growing fibroids
What are the two types of endometrial polyps
Sessile // Pedunculated
Sessile polyps = >
Pedunculated polyp =>
sessile = Broad
Pedunculated = Narrow stalk
Endometrial hyperplasia is associated with what hormone imbalance?
High estrogen // Low Progesterone
What drug is used in breast cancer that can increase risk of endometrial hyperplasia
Tamixofen
PTEN mutation can lead to whatt?
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial cancer has what 2 types?
Endometroid (75%) // Serous (25%)
Endometrial cancer is associated with what being unopposed
Estradiol
Explain the 4 stages of endometrial cancer
Stage 1 => Carcinoma in uterine body
Stage 2 => Carcinoma in cervix
Stage 3 => Carcinoma in uterus
Stage 4 => Carcinoma spread to bladder / bowel
Lynch syndrome
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer HNPCC
Inherited cancer predisposition syndrome
increases chance of colorectal cancer // endometrial cancer // ovarian cancer // bowel cancer
What is the most common gynaecological condition
Myometrial Tumour
Is myometrial tumour benign?
Yes
PCOS regarding the hypothalamus leads to increased what?
GnRH
Why is there high GnRH in PCOS
Low progesterone = High GnRH
With high GnRH in PCOS, can 2 hormones are affected that lead to no ovulation
High LH // Low FSH
Other than LH / GnRH increasing, what else increases in PCOS
Androgens ==> Hyperandrogenism
What are the 3 conditions that need to be present in PCOS
Hyperandrogenism
Ovulatory dysfunction // Polycystic ovaries
Menstral irregularities
benign smooth muscle tumour that very rarely becomes cancer
Leiomyoma // Fibroids
High exposure to eostrogen for long periods of time can lead to what carcinoma?
Ductal carcinoma
BRCA 1 is associated with what cancer other than breast
Cervix
tripple assessment =>
examination // imaging // biopsy
Carcinoma in situ -> carcinoma
What tissue?
Breast
Hyperplasia -> Carcinoma
What tissue?
endometrium
Adenoma -> carcinoma
What tissue?
Colon
