7. Respiratory Flashcards
Asthma
Reversible intermittent narrowing of airways
Atopic (extrinsic) asthma generally affects who?
Children
non-atopic (intrinsic) asthma generally affects who?
Adults
Dysfunction in asthma is done by what cells to produce the mucous
Goblet cells
sensitisation is done by what cells
APC –> TH2 –> IgE production
COPD is a combination of what 2 things?
What group do these 2 diseases belong to?
Chronic Bronchitis + emphysema
Obstructive lung diseases
Emphysema =
Where does it generally affect?
Alveolar wall loss
Centriacinar = Upper Bronchioles
Bronchiectasis =
PERMANENT dilation of bronchi due to wall damage
What is normally secondary to bronchiectasis?
Chronic necrotising infection
What type of cough is present in bronchiectasis patients?
Productive cough
What are the 4 types of chronic interstitial lung diseases
IPF (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)
Pneumoconiosis
Sarcoid Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)
IPF is triggered what injury
Repeated epithelial injury
Pneumoconiosis =
Lung damage secondary to particle inhalation
Common triggers for pneumoconiosis (3)
Mineral dust =
Coal dust // Silica // Asbestos
What cells are key in pneumoconiosis?
macrophages ingesting particles
Multisystem granulomatous disease affecting lymph nodes + lungs
Sarcoid
What type of granulomas are found in sarcoid
non-caseating granulomas
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Inflammation to inhaled antigens that are ORGANIC
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis triggers (3)
Mould // Animal faeces // paint fumes
What is more common, primary or secondary malignant lung cancer
Secondary = More common
What is the most common type of primary lung cancer
Carcinoma ==> Non small cell carcinoma
Within non small cell carcinomas, what are the 3 types
Adenocarcinoma (40%)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (30%)
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (15%)
Presentation of Secondary malignant lung cancer
Multiple Discrete Nodules
3 common types of secondary malignant lung cancer
Sarcomas
Melanomas
Lymphomas
EGFR // KRAS // ALK are associated with what?
Lung cancer
5 common metastasise sites for lung cancer
Lymph nodes Pleura liver Bone Adrenal Brain
Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa =
Lymphatics within lung that are diffusely involved by tumours
Both acute tonsillar pharyngitis + infectious mononucleosis have …..
Symmetrically inflamed tonsils
Acute tonsillar pharyngitis VS infectious mononucleosis (1)
Soft palate inflammation ==> Infectious Mononucleosis
Centor criteria is used to differentiate what?
To see if sore throat is caused by bacterial infection
Common causes of pharyngitis + tonsillar pharyngitis
Viral
What type of protein production is formed in pneumonia?
Excudate
What are the 2 subtypes of pneumonia?
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Patchy Inflamed bronchioles that spread to surrounding alveoli?
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar Pneumonia is generally caused by ?
Strep. Pneumoniae
Going from Lung to Intercostal muscles, go through the layers of the pleura
Alveoli
CT (VP)
Mesothelium (VP)
Pleural Cavity
Mesothelium (PP)
CT (PP)
Intercostal muscles
Pleural fibrosis is secondary to what?
Pleural inflammation
Pleural decortication =>
Removal of fibrous tissue
Parietal pleural fibrous plaques is associated with?
Low Asbestos dust exposure
Diffuse pleural fibrosis is associated with?
Bilateral High Asbestos dust exposure
Haemothorax is generally caused by a ruptured ….
Thoracic aortic aneurysm
Empyema is secondary to what?
Pneumonia
Chylothorax is generally caused by what?
Trauma
What sides are affected in diffuse pleural fibrosis
Bilateral
open pneumothorax is generally caused by what
traumatic
closed pneumothorax
not traumatic
pneumothorax is …
air drawn into the pleural cavity
malignant mesothelioma M - F
Males > females
normal bronchial epithelium is =
columnar
squamous metaplasia =
what this in response to?
columnar epithelium ==> Squamous cells
smoking
what is commonly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma?
EGFR
