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YR2 - Clinical Pathology > 7. Respiratory > Flashcards

7. Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma

A

Reversible intermittent narrowing of airways

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2
Q

Atopic (extrinsic) asthma generally affects who?

A

Children

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3
Q

non-atopic (intrinsic) asthma generally affects who?

A

Adults

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4
Q

Dysfunction in asthma is done by what cells to produce the mucous

A

Goblet cells

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5
Q

sensitisation is done by what cells

A

APC –> TH2 –> IgE production

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6
Q

COPD is a combination of what 2 things?

What group do these 2 diseases belong to?

A

Chronic Bronchitis + emphysema

Obstructive lung diseases

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7
Q

Emphysema =

Where does it generally affect?

A

Alveolar wall loss

Centriacinar = Upper Bronchioles

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8
Q

Bronchiectasis =

A

PERMANENT dilation of bronchi due to wall damage

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9
Q

What is normally secondary to bronchiectasis?

A

Chronic necrotising infection

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10
Q

What type of cough is present in bronchiectasis patients?

A

Productive cough

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of chronic interstitial lung diseases

A

IPF (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)
Pneumoconiosis

Sarcoid
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP)
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12
Q

IPF is triggered what injury

A

Repeated epithelial injury

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13
Q

Pneumoconiosis =

A

Lung damage secondary to particle inhalation

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14
Q

Common triggers for pneumoconiosis (3)

A

Mineral dust =

Coal dust // Silica // Asbestos

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15
Q

What cells are key in pneumoconiosis?

A

macrophages ingesting particles

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16
Q

Multisystem granulomatous disease affecting lymph nodes + lungs

A

Sarcoid

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17
Q

What type of granulomas are found in sarcoid

A

non-caseating granulomas

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18
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

A

Inflammation to inhaled antigens that are ORGANIC

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19
Q

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis triggers (3)

A

Mould // Animal faeces // paint fumes

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20
Q

What is more common, primary or secondary malignant lung cancer

A

Secondary = More common

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21
Q

What is the most common type of primary lung cancer

A

Carcinoma ==> Non small cell carcinoma

22
Q

Within non small cell carcinomas, what are the 3 types

A

Adenocarcinoma (40%)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (30%)
Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (15%)

23
Q

Presentation of Secondary malignant lung cancer

A

Multiple Discrete Nodules

24
Q

3 common types of secondary malignant lung cancer

A

Sarcomas
Melanomas
Lymphomas

25
Q

EGFR // KRAS // ALK are associated with what?

A

Lung cancer

26
Q

5 common metastasise sites for lung cancer

A 
Lymph nodes
Pleura liver
Bone
Adrenal
Brain
27
Q

Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa =

A

Lymphatics within lung that are diffusely involved by tumours

28
Q

Both acute tonsillar pharyngitis + infectious mononucleosis have …..

A

Symmetrically inflamed tonsils

29
Q

Acute tonsillar pharyngitis VS infectious mononucleosis (1)

A

Soft palate inflammation ==> Infectious Mononucleosis

30
Q

Centor criteria is used to differentiate what?

A

To see if sore throat is caused by bacterial infection

31
Q

Common causes of pharyngitis + tonsillar pharyngitis

A

Viral

32
Q

What type of protein production is formed in pneumonia?

A

Excudate

33
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia

Lobar pneumonia

34
Q

Patchy Inflamed bronchioles that spread to surrounding alveoli?

A

Bronchopneumonia

35
Q

Lobar Pneumonia is generally caused by ?

A

Strep. Pneumoniae

36
Q

Going from Lung to Intercostal muscles, go through the layers of the pleura

A

Alveoli
CT (VP)
Mesothelium (VP)

Pleural Cavity

Mesothelium (PP)
CT (PP)

Intercostal muscles

37
Q

Pleural fibrosis is secondary to what?

A

Pleural inflammation

38
Q

Pleural decortication =>

A

Removal of fibrous tissue

39
Q

Parietal pleural fibrous plaques is associated with?

A

Low Asbestos dust exposure

40
Q

Diffuse pleural fibrosis is associated with?

A

Bilateral High Asbestos dust exposure

41
Q

Haemothorax is generally caused by a ruptured ….

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

42
Q

Empyema is secondary to what?

A

Pneumonia

43
Q

Chylothorax is generally caused by what?

A

Trauma

44
Q

What sides are affected in diffuse pleural fibrosis

A

Bilateral

45
Q

open pneumothorax is generally caused by what

A

traumatic

46
Q

closed pneumothorax

A

not traumatic

47
Q

pneumothorax is …

A

air drawn into the pleural cavity

48
Q

malignant mesothelioma M - F

A

Males > females

49
Q

normal bronchial epithelium is =

A

columnar

50
Q

squamous metaplasia =

what this in response to?

A

columnar epithelium ==> Squamous cells

smoking

51
Q

what is commonly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma?

A

EGFR

YR2 - Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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