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YR2 - Clinical Pathology > 4. Endocrinology + BioChem > Flashcards

4. Endocrinology + BioChem Flashcards

1
Q

In terms of the structure of the pituitary glaand, the majority of lobes are?

anterior or posterior?

A

anterior (75%)

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2
Q

Adenohypophysis forms the Rathke’s pouche which is associated with what structure of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior

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3
Q

Down growth of the hypothalamus via Neurohypophysis is what structure of the pituitary gland?

A

posterior

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4
Q

What is the most common type of pituitary tumour?

A

Adenomas –> Prolactinoma

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5
Q

the thyroid is found on which vertebrae levels?

A

5 - 7th

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6
Q

The thyroid derives from what in terms of embryology?

A

Foregut

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7
Q

RET / NTRK1 / BRAF V600E mutations are associated with what in the thyroid

A

malignant tumour –> Papillary carcinoma

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8
Q

What type of nodule is present in follicular carcinoma (most common)

A

90% solitary nodule

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9
Q

What syndromes are associated with Hyperparathyrodism

A

MEN1 + MEN2 Syndrome

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10
Q

Secondary parathyrodism occurs in what?

A

Hyperplasia of glands with elevated PTH in response to HYPOCALCAEMIA

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11
Q

tertiaray parathyrodism occurs with what?

A

longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism

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12
Q

Prolonged exposure of cortisol leads to what?

A

Cushings syndrome

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13
Q

Conn’s syndrome =

what releases aldosterone?

A

Hyperaldosteronism

Adrenal Cortex

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14
Q

Addisons disease =

A

primary adrenal cortical insufficiency

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15
Q

Most common cause of addisons diseasae

A

Auto immune

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16
Q

Phaechromocytoma

what does it affect

A

Catecholamine secreting tumour

adrenal medulla

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17
Q

What is phaeachromocytoma associated with? (syndrome)

A

MEN2a / MEN2b Syndrome

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18
Q

Cortical bone =

is it the majority of bone?

A

hard outer layer

yes = 80%

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19
Q

Trabecular bone =

A

inner spongy layer

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20
Q

TRAP + Cathepsin K + RANKL are associated with what enzyme

A

Osteoclasts

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21
Q

osteoclasts can be found where?

A

Bone pits

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22
Q

what 3 molecules are involved in the regulation of osteoclasts

A

PTH + Calcitonin + IL- 6

23
Q

Bisphosphonates can be used in what?

how does it work

A

Osteoporosis

Ingested by osteoclasts so they stop ingesting bone

24
Q

Lytic bone metastasis involves what?

A

Destruction of normal bone

25
Q

Sclerotic bone metastasis involves what?

A

Deposition of new bone

26
Q

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Elevated PTH with high calcium

27
Q

85% of PHPT are what?

A

Benign Adenomas

28
Q

Pagets disease involves wht?

A

Rapid bone turnover + formation

=== abnormal bone remodelling

29
Q

Osteomalacia =

A

Lack of mineralisation of bone

30
Q

What is the childhood version of osteomalacia

A

Rickets

31
Q

Main cause of osteomalacia

A

Lack of vit D to absorb Calcium

32
Q

what is the predominant mineral in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

33
Q

Calcium is generally found in what form

A

Ionised Free Ca2+ form

34
Q

What is calcium generally bound to

A

Albumin

35
Q

Phosphorus is generally found in what form

A

Organic

36
Q

When is PTH released

A

Low Calcium

37
Q

What receptor is involved in inhibiting PTH release

A

CaSR

38
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibits bone resorption + opposes PTH

39
Q

Oestrogen on Bone

A

Inhibits bone resorption

40
Q

What is the main cause of hypermagnesaemia

A

Iatrogenic

41
Q

What cells release somatostatin

A

D cells in pancreas

42
Q

Role of somatostatin

A

prevents production of other hormones

43
Q

The most common tumour of the islets of Langerhans

A

Insulinoma

44
Q

Glycated haemoglobin

A

HbA1C

45
Q

autoimmune process in the thyroid results in clinical hyperthyroidism and diffuse hyperplasia of the follicular
epithelium?

A

Graves

46
Q

Most accurate picture is to measure what type of calcium with a blood gas analyser?

A

Ionised

47
Q

The commonest type of thyroid carcinoma is more common in females, can be secondary to radiation and can occur at quite young ages. What carcinoma is it?

A

Papilliary Carcinoma

48
Q

Microalbuminuria is the earliest measure of what

A

diabetic neuropathy + renal failure

49
Q

phosphate levels in hyperPTH

A

High calcium = Low phosphate

50
Q

Hypoalbuminaemia = *calcium

A

hypocalcaemia

51
Q

what type of calcium should be measured in Hypoalbuminaemia

A

adjusted level calcium

52
Q

does detection of auto antibodies against pancreas indicate diabetes mellitus

A

No

Auto AB is only used as a way to differentiate between type 1 + type 2

53
Q

GGT is a marker for what

A

High alcohol consumption

YR2 - Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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