4. Endocrinology + BioChem Flashcards
In terms of the structure of the pituitary glaand, the majority of lobes are?
anterior or posterior?
anterior (75%)
Adenohypophysis forms the Rathke’s pouche which is associated with what structure of the pituitary gland?
anterior
Down growth of the hypothalamus via Neurohypophysis is what structure of the pituitary gland?
posterior
What is the most common type of pituitary tumour?
Adenomas –> Prolactinoma
the thyroid is found on which vertebrae levels?
5 - 7th
The thyroid derives from what in terms of embryology?
Foregut
RET / NTRK1 / BRAF V600E mutations are associated with what in the thyroid
malignant tumour –> Papillary carcinoma
What type of nodule is present in follicular carcinoma (most common)
90% solitary nodule
What syndromes are associated with Hyperparathyrodism
MEN1 + MEN2 Syndrome
Secondary parathyrodism occurs in what?
Hyperplasia of glands with elevated PTH in response to HYPOCALCAEMIA
tertiaray parathyrodism occurs with what?
longstanding secondary hyperparathyroidism
Prolonged exposure of cortisol leads to what?
Cushings syndrome
Conn’s syndrome =
what releases aldosterone?
Hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal Cortex
Addisons disease =
primary adrenal cortical insufficiency
Most common cause of addisons diseasae
Auto immune
Phaechromocytoma
what does it affect
Catecholamine secreting tumour
adrenal medulla
What is phaeachromocytoma associated with? (syndrome)
MEN2a / MEN2b Syndrome
Cortical bone =
is it the majority of bone?
hard outer layer
yes = 80%
Trabecular bone =
inner spongy layer
TRAP + Cathepsin K + RANKL are associated with what enzyme
Osteoclasts
osteoclasts can be found where?
Bone pits
what 3 molecules are involved in the regulation of osteoclasts
PTH + Calcitonin + IL- 6
Bisphosphonates can be used in what?
how does it work
Osteoporosis
Ingested by osteoclasts so they stop ingesting bone
Lytic bone metastasis involves what?
Destruction of normal bone
Sclerotic bone metastasis involves what?
Deposition of new bone
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Elevated PTH with high calcium
85% of PHPT are what?
Benign Adenomas
Pagets disease involves wht?
Rapid bone turnover + formation
=== abnormal bone remodelling
Osteomalacia =
Lack of mineralisation of bone
What is the childhood version of osteomalacia
Rickets
Main cause of osteomalacia
Lack of vit D to absorb Calcium
what is the predominant mineral in bone?
Hydroxyapatite
Calcium is generally found in what form
Ionised Free Ca2+ form
What is calcium generally bound to
Albumin
Phosphorus is generally found in what form
Organic
When is PTH released
Low Calcium
What receptor is involved in inhibiting PTH release
CaSR
Calcitonin
Inhibits bone resorption + opposes PTH
Oestrogen on Bone
Inhibits bone resorption
What is the main cause of hypermagnesaemia
Iatrogenic
What cells release somatostatin
D cells in pancreas
Role of somatostatin
prevents production of other hormones
The most common tumour of the islets of Langerhans
Insulinoma
Glycated haemoglobin
HbA1C
autoimmune process in the thyroid results in clinical hyperthyroidism and diffuse hyperplasia of the follicular
epithelium?
Graves
Most accurate picture is to measure what type of calcium with a blood gas analyser?
Ionised
The commonest type of thyroid carcinoma is more common in females, can be secondary to radiation and can occur at quite young ages. What carcinoma is it?
Papilliary Carcinoma
Microalbuminuria is the earliest measure of what
diabetic neuropathy + renal failure
phosphate levels in hyperPTH
High calcium = Low phosphate
Hypoalbuminaemia = *calcium
hypocalcaemia
what type of calcium should be measured in Hypoalbuminaemia
adjusted level calcium
does detection of auto antibodies against pancreas indicate diabetes mellitus
No
Auto AB is only used as a way to differentiate between type 1 + type 2
GGT is a marker for what
High alcohol consumption
