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YR2 - Clinical Pathology > 3. Renal > Flashcards

3. Renal Flashcards

1
Q

How much of Urea is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?

A

40%

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2
Q

if the GFR decreases, what happens to the plasma creatine levels?

A

They increase

–> Creatinine doesnt go through glomerulus so stays in renal artery -> renal vein -> BS

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3
Q

In Oliguria, what happens to :

GFR
ADH
Aldosterone
Renin

A 
GFR = Decreases
ADH = Increases
Aldosterone = Increases
Renin = Increases
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4
Q

common cause of oliguria

A

Dehydration

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5
Q

Thrombotic Microangiopathy is what

A

Thrombi in capillaries / arterioles

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6
Q

Good pasture Syndrome leads to damage to what?

A

Glomerular damage

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7
Q

damage to blood vessels around kidney and/or damage to glomerulus will subsequently lead to what?

A

Damage to tubule

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8
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is always caused by damage to what?

A

Glomerulus

-> IgA Nephropathy

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9
Q

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Membranous nephropathy

-> Immune attacks filtering system

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10
Q

In acute nephritis, if the cause is a post infective glomerulonephritis, what was the initial infection source

A

Streptococcal throat infection

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11
Q

What is a primary cause of glomerular disease?

A

IgA Nephropathy

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12
Q

Most common cause of Chronic Renal failure?

A

Diabetes

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13
Q

Common cause of renal artery stenosis

A

Atheroma / arterial dysplasia

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14
Q

what type of bacteria on the skin, is present in the perineum

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci

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15
Q

Most common cause of UTI

A

E.coli

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16
Q

Difference between complicated and uncomplicated UTI

A

Complicated = Underlying abnormality // foreign body

Uncomplicated = neither of those

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17
Q

90% of chronic prostatitis is caused by what?

A

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome

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18
Q

Boric acid is used for what

A

Preservative for urine sample

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19
Q

Why is MSU used?

A

Doesnt pick up colonising urethra bacteria

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20
Q

Sterile Pyuria consists of what?

A

Raised WCC with no bacteria growth

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21
Q

What kind of organisms are present in Sterile Pyuria

A

M.TB // Haemo spp. // Anaerobes

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22
Q

early morning urine x3 special test is used when

A

Pt suspected of urinary TB

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23
Q

Who has a longer course of AB in cystitis

A

Males

24
Q

Renal Cell carcinoma is what?

Common type?

A

Renal tubular epithelium cancer

Clear Cell

25
Q

Renal carcinomas generally metastasize to what

A

Bone metastasis

26
Q

Wilms tumour is otherwise known as what? Why

A

Nephroblastoma

Cancer of nephroblasts in embryological development

27
Q

Wilms tumour affects who?

What is the most common type of tumour (sides?)

A

children

90% unilateral

28
Q

What gene is often affected in Wilms tumour

A

WT1

29
Q

Urolithiasis is what?

What areas are affected?

A

Calculi / stones in Urinary tract

renal calyx –> bladder

30
Q

What is the most common cause of urolithiasis?

A

Calcium (hypercalcaemia)

31
Q

Those with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) have what?

what happens to the urine in these pt

A

Shorter intramural ureter?

Urine flows wrong way

32
Q

Who is generally affected in VUR

A

Children

33
Q

Urothelial carcinoma affects what cells

A

Transitional cells

34
Q

What is the most common cause of bladder cancer

A

Urothelial carcinoma

35
Q

Neurogenic bladder is what?

A

Inability to properly empty bladder

36
Q

What are the 2 types of neurogenic bladder?

A

Spastic –> UMN lesion (stroke / ms)

Flaccid –> LMN lesion (preg / diabetes)

37
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia affects what cells?

A

Stromal + Glandular cells

38
Q

What hormone is mediated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

DHT

39
Q

Prostatic adenocarcinoma affects what

A

Glandular epithelium cancer in prostate

40
Q

Cryptorchidism is what?

A

undescended testes

41
Q

At what age does the testes form

A

7 weeks

42
Q

AT what week does inguinoscrotal descent occur for the testes?

A

25-35 weeks

43
Q

Most common (sides) to be affected in cryptorchidism

A

Unilaterals

44
Q

Seminoma is what

A

Germ cell malignant neoplasm in seminiferous tubules

45
Q

What is the most common type of testicular cancer

A

Seminoma

46
Q

Where does seminoma spread to

A

Lung metastasis

47
Q

Renal + bladder carcinomas have what type of prognosis

A

Bad

48
Q

Seminoma + prostate carcinoma + Wilms tumour have what type of prognosis

A

Good

49
Q

The most common type of malignant tumour of the kidney in an adult is _ _ _ _ _cell carcinoma, relating to
the vacuolated appearance of the tumour cell cytoplasm.

A

clear

50
Q

what is a common malignant renal carcinoma?

A

Clear cell

51
Q

does ADH affect potassium levels

A

no

52
Q

what affects potassium levels

A

aldosterone

53
Q

marker for GFR

A

creatine clearance

54
Q

what happens to vitamin D levels in high PTH

A

low vit D => high PTH

55
Q

vit D deficiency can lead to what type of hyper parathyrodism

A

vit D => Secondary PTH

YR2 - Clinical Pathology (10 decks)

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