3. Renal Flashcards
How much of Urea is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?
40%
if the GFR decreases, what happens to the plasma creatine levels?
They increase
–> Creatinine doesnt go through glomerulus so stays in renal artery -> renal vein -> BS
In Oliguria, what happens to :
GFR
ADH
Aldosterone
Renin
GFR = Decreases ADH = Increases Aldosterone = Increases Renin = Increases
common cause of oliguria
Dehydration
Thrombotic Microangiopathy is what
Thrombi in capillaries / arterioles
Good pasture Syndrome leads to damage to what?
Glomerular damage
damage to blood vessels around kidney and/or damage to glomerulus will subsequently lead to what?
Damage to tubule
Nephrotic syndrome is always caused by damage to what?
Glomerulus
-> IgA Nephropathy
Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome?
Membranous nephropathy
-> Immune attacks filtering system
In acute nephritis, if the cause is a post infective glomerulonephritis, what was the initial infection source
Streptococcal throat infection
What is a primary cause of glomerular disease?
IgA Nephropathy
Most common cause of Chronic Renal failure?
Diabetes
Common cause of renal artery stenosis
Atheroma / arterial dysplasia
what type of bacteria on the skin, is present in the perineum
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Most common cause of UTI
E.coli
Difference between complicated and uncomplicated UTI
Complicated = Underlying abnormality // foreign body
Uncomplicated = neither of those
90% of chronic prostatitis is caused by what?
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Boric acid is used for what
Preservative for urine sample
Why is MSU used?
Doesnt pick up colonising urethra bacteria
Sterile Pyuria consists of what?
Raised WCC with no bacteria growth
What kind of organisms are present in Sterile Pyuria
M.TB // Haemo spp. // Anaerobes
early morning urine x3 special test is used when
Pt suspected of urinary TB
Who has a longer course of AB in cystitis
Males
Renal Cell carcinoma is what?
Common type?
Renal tubular epithelium cancer
Clear Cell
Renal carcinomas generally metastasize to what
Bone metastasis
Wilms tumour is otherwise known as what? Why
Nephroblastoma
Cancer of nephroblasts in embryological development
Wilms tumour affects who?
What is the most common type of tumour (sides?)
children
90% unilateral
What gene is often affected in Wilms tumour
WT1
Urolithiasis is what?
What areas are affected?
Calculi / stones in Urinary tract
renal calyx –> bladder
What is the most common cause of urolithiasis?
Calcium (hypercalcaemia)
Those with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) have what?
what happens to the urine in these pt
Shorter intramural ureter?
Urine flows wrong way
Who is generally affected in VUR
Children
Urothelial carcinoma affects what cells
Transitional cells
What is the most common cause of bladder cancer
Urothelial carcinoma
Neurogenic bladder is what?
Inability to properly empty bladder
What are the 2 types of neurogenic bladder?
Spastic –> UMN lesion (stroke / ms)
Flaccid –> LMN lesion (preg / diabetes)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia affects what cells?
Stromal + Glandular cells
What hormone is mediated in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
DHT
Prostatic adenocarcinoma affects what
Glandular epithelium cancer in prostate
Cryptorchidism is what?
undescended testes
At what age does the testes form
7 weeks
AT what week does inguinoscrotal descent occur for the testes?
25-35 weeks
Most common (sides) to be affected in cryptorchidism
Unilaterals
Seminoma is what
Germ cell malignant neoplasm in seminiferous tubules
What is the most common type of testicular cancer
Seminoma
Where does seminoma spread to
Lung metastasis
Renal + bladder carcinomas have what type of prognosis
Bad
Seminoma + prostate carcinoma + Wilms tumour have what type of prognosis
Good
The most common type of malignant tumour of the kidney in an adult is _ _ _ _ _cell carcinoma, relating to
the vacuolated appearance of the tumour cell cytoplasm.
clear
what is a common malignant renal carcinoma?
Clear cell
does ADH affect potassium levels
no
what affects potassium levels
aldosterone
marker for GFR
creatine clearance
what happens to vitamin D levels in high PTH
low vit D => high PTH
vit D deficiency can lead to what type of hyper parathyrodism
vit D => Secondary PTH
