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Social > 8 - Anti-social behaviour > Flashcards

8 - Anti-social behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

define outgroup homogeneity

A

viewing all members of an outgroup as the same, thinking all members have the same characteristics

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2
Q

why do people dehumanise the outgroup

A

to justify being hostile and violent and so we can portray the whole group as predictable

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3
Q

why isn’t outgroup diversity noticed

A

bc less contact with them but more with ingroup so attuned to ingroup differences

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4
Q

why is outgroup homogeneity a heuristic

A

helps make decisions and have a cog load so cant differentiate members

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5
Q

a study of sororities found what

A

own sorority had more favourable characteristics and less similar to each other

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6
Q

define stereotype

A

simplified, widely shared belief about characteristics of a group and its member

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7
Q

how does stereotyping as a heuristic work

A

notice members’ common traits and use stereotypes if outcome-independent so no need to expend effort and correct misperc

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8
Q

define stereotype threat

A

anxiety of fulfilling a stereotype leading to one negatively fulfilling and conforming to it

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9
Q

what was found in the black and white people stereotype threat study

A

black people did worse in ST condition due to pressure to dispel intelligence stereotype which white people don’t have

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10
Q

what was found in the black and white people word gap fill stereotype threat study

A

black people completed words in a way showing a stereotype threat and self doubt and stereotypes activated in them

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11
Q

what three factors are why stereotypes are applied

A

automatic, easier to process, may not have motivation or ability to correct misperceptions

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12
Q

why may people not have motivation to correct misperceptions

A

means they have to work with the outgroup

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13
Q

what did the study with “Hilda” find out

A

outcome-dependent no cog load was least stereotypical and outcome dependent cog load relied on stereotypes most as insufficient thoughts and memory

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14
Q

define ironic suppression

A

trying to not think of thoughts but when in a situation where we can express them, the views are much more prominent

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15
Q

why do thoughts become more prominent in ironic suppression

A

mind is on a state of alert for the thought and it’s hard to stop thinking unwanted thoughts

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16
Q

define subtyping

A

viewing someone who doesn’t fit in with the general pattern of their group’s stereotype and viewing them as an exception

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17
Q

how does subtyping decrease discomfort

A

reduces cog dissonance when someone we like shows characteristics inconsistent with the stereotyped group’s characteristics

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18
Q

define modern racism

A

racism being unacceptable so racist views become less aggressive and more subtle in socially acceptable situations

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19
Q

difference between modern and overt racism

A

overt uses discriminatory exclusion but modern uses implicit forms like qualifiers “if x did this then…”

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20
Q

define aggression

A

physical or social behaviour intended to harm another living being

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21
Q

4 different types of aggression?

A

emotional, cognitive (hostility), behavioural, social (harming emot wellbeing w/o physical)

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22
Q

biological evolutionary arguments

A

natural selection: aggression allows survival of the fittest as fighting instrict develops to drive behaviour

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23
Q

in the evolutionary argument, what allows us to act aggressively

A

external circumstances like provocative behaviour to release build up

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24
Q

how is the evolutionary explanation built on flawed understanding of evolution

A

says aggression if beneficial for species but actually only for individuals or families

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25
Q

2 other limitations of the evolutionary argument

A

implies aggression is inevitable so we look to pick fights

aggression isn’t always good as can get ostracised

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26
Q

what is testosterone associated with

A

increased risk-taking, selfishness, aggression

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27
Q

what did the testosterone study find (+)

A

inmates with higher conc of test. in saliva more likely to have commited violent crimes, breaking prison rules, being rated as tougher by peers

28
Q

3 testosterone limitations

A
  • could just be males’ impulsivity, strength, or our social understanding
  • physical aggr for boys, social for girls
  • correlation ≠ causation
29
Q

how can serotonin be responsible for aggression

A

low levels increase aggression levels

30
Q

how are serotonin and a low social status related

A

low social status reduces serotonin activity, signalling “little to be lost” so risk being aggressive to improve status

31
Q

strength of serotonin

A

evidence of causality where giving no cheese, which increases levels, increases aggression

32
Q

describe the basics of genetics and aggression

A

predisposed, multiple candidate genes responsible but env is a big influence

33
Q

what does the AP2 gene do

A

when mutated, increases the indirect/social aggression in women

34
Q

what does the MAOA gene control

A

neurotransmitters like serotonin being switched on and off, and interacts with the environment

35
Q

in children, what else is needed alongside the MAOA gene being mutated

A

maltreatment so they develop psychopathy with is associated with aggression

36
Q

how can aggression increase or decrease depending on neuroanatomy

A

hypothalamus stimulation decreases

amygdala, limbic systems, and brain stem increase

37
Q

what is the role of the prefrontal cortex in aggression

A

can help us not be aggressive since it’s found to be less active in violent offenders

38
Q

how does alcohol consumption help to increase aggression

A

interacts with testosterone and impairs the prefrontal cortex so can’t control behaviour or forsee consequences

39
Q

define narcissism

A

displaying positive, boastful self-image when having doubts about self worth and go to great lengths for positive feedback and are hostile towards negative

40
Q

is there a relationship between self-esteem and aggression, and why?

A

no: high in social inclusion are less aggressive but high in self-perceived superiority more likely to

41
Q

define frustration

A

aversive state being triggered when prevented from achieving desired goal

42
Q

define aversive condition

A

unpleasant condition organisms want to avoid can trigger aggression if exposed

43
Q

what does the frustration-aggression hypothesis propose

A

frustration always leads to aggressive behaviour to harm source of frustration

44
Q

what conditions need to apply for frustration to occur

A

hope of achieving goal is lost
frustrated when almost achieved
frustrated more than once
anticipated satisfaction with achievement

45
Q

how do aversive conditions cause aggression

A

automatic social cognition: make us angry so aggression is more salient, more prone to it and don’t think about consequences

46
Q

define hostile attribution bias

A

incorrectly interpreting ambiguous situations and behaviour as ones with intention of provocation through attribution errors

47
Q

how can SLT be criticised

A

children in Bobo Doll study may not have had aggressive intentions
other explanations like frequent obs increase saliency

48
Q

strength of SLT

A

found aggressive children were more aggressive as it would be more rewarding

49
Q

define catharsis

A

process of releasing and providing relief from strong, repressed emotions like anger in a way not harmful to others

50
Q

what is embodied social cognition

A

certain emotions lead to certain physiological effects

51
Q

results of a study about catharsis using a punching bag

A

those ruminating about negative feedback felt more positive, angry, and showed most aggression

52
Q

positives of catharsis

A

short term flood of endorphins boosts mood

studied found retaliating against the aggressor quickly lowered BP

53
Q

criticism of catharsis related to evidence

A

most shows catharsis makes aggression worse and unconsciously teaches that aggression is rewarding

54
Q

criticism of catharsis related to when it works

A

only if wrongdoer isn’t intimidating does aggression seem justifiable

55
Q

what is mean world syndrome

A

exaggerated perceptions of the frequency of violence and ASB following violent media consumption

56
Q

what did a meta-analysis find about violent media and aggression

A

strong link found with lab/field studies however correlation ≠ causation

57
Q

how does MWS make crime more likely

A

become less engaged with society

58
Q

how can desensitisation increase aggression with violent media

A

reduced negative emotions towards violent media due to repeated exposure so no longer deterred but now assoc w fun/laughter not fear

59
Q

what is the role of inhibiting the anterior cingulate cortex in the frontal lobe

A

it’s associated w cognition and emotion so will suppress emotional reaction to violence being processed

60
Q

strength of MWS

A

evidence present that violent media reduces physiological responses to real-life violence

61
Q

what is the general aggression model

A

repeated exposure to violent media means several aggressive things are learnt and rehearsed, increasing an aggressive personality

62
Q

what 5 aggressive things are learnt in the general aggression model

A 
beliefs and attitudes
perceptual schema
expectational schemas
behaviour scripts
desensitisation
63
Q

general aggression model also states that what is important

A

dispositional factors and situational variables alsocause aggressive behaviour

64
Q

what is the weapons effect

A

being exposed to stimuli representing aggression makes people more aggressive if angry

65
Q

a study related to the weapons condition found what

A

those who received more shocks and in the weapons condition gave more shocks w a longer duration

66
Q

what does the weapons effect depend on

A

whether people view weapons as acts of aggression, e.g. weaker in USA where guns = every day objects

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