3 - Attitudes, Emotions, and Behaviour Flashcards
Describe attitude
Positive/negative evals of ppl, objects, bhvrs
What is the tripartite model of attitudes?
Structure of attitudes consisting of cognitive, affective, bhvrl components
What is the cog component of the tripartite model
how we think about the attitude object
what is the behavioural component of the trip model
behaving un/favourably towards an attitude object
what is attitude complexity
number of dimensions an attitude object is evaluated against
more = more complex att
attitude complexity is stronger when?
it is both complex and consistent (all pos/neg evals)
when may we attribute positive evals as a cause of negative ones and vice versa
when we think about inconsistencies, so we integrate them
what is an attitude function
why we have a specific attitude
how do attitudes act as schemas
help us to make sense of info and make quick decisions as know what aspects of att obj to focus on
how do attitude functions help our impression management
having +/-ive attitudes to the right object help us become valued, liked, and avoid disapproval/punishment
how do attitude functions act as a defensive
defend against psychological threats like anxiety
describe the mere exposure effect
more exposure to stimulus helps develop a more positive attitude automatically
when does the mere exposure effect work better?
short repetitive exposures
why do we develop a positive evaluation of attitude objects in the mere exposure effect
attribute learning to liking object instead of seeing, so can’t correct incorrect judgement
describe subliminal conditioning
classical conditioning happening outside conscious awareness
when will conditioning not happen
if placed under cognitive load
cognitive load means what for conditioning
don’t have resources to pay attention so doesn’t happen
awareness of conditioning may mean what
we can correct tendency or reasoning for liking an object
SLT is used to do what
use info from observation to determine attitudes
when do we use SLT
if we have no knowledge of experience of the att object
describe the compatibility principle
attitude and behaviour measures must have same specificity to find true compatibility levels
what causes incompatibility
if attitude and behaviour measures don’t have the same specificity
what are the 4 measures
target
action
context
time
describe the theory of planned behaviour
several factors determining intention to carry out a behaviour, and our intention determining whether we acc do it
what 3 things does TPB consist of
attitudes towards the behaviour
subjective norm
perceived behavioural control
describe attitudes towards behaviour in TPB
what the consequences of the behaviour are, determining if we form a un/favourable attitude
describe subjective norm
normative expectations of others, resulting in perceived social pressure
describe perceived behavioural control
belief about whether present factors are inhibiting/facilitating ability to perform a behaviour, and how much control we think we have over performing it
? and ? equal ?which leads to ? (TPB)
own attitude + subj norm = bhvrl intention leading to the bhvr
what 5 things in TPB compete against each other
attitude beliefs behavioural beliefs subjective norm perceived behavioural control actual control
what 2 things determine whether the behaviour is carried out or not
intention and perceived behavioural control
what does having no behavioural control usually mean
can’t carry out the behaviour, meaning we don’t have the intention, so not carried out
what does PBC moderate
effects of attitude
subjective norm
how are attitudes and carrying out a behaviour measured
attitudes: attitude scales
behaviour: observations
describe the attitude to behaviour process model
behaviours are determined automatically by attitudes since we have little time to reflect and think
what two things are activated when we encounter an attitude object
attitude
social norms perception
extent of attitude activation is determined by what
strength between object and evaluation
what happens when an attitude is activated
perceptions and evaluations of the attitude object are shaped by the attitude
a study found that intention was predicted by what
half by PBC
40% by attitude
10% subj norm
the study found what about behavioural variations
30% determined by perceived behavioural control and don’t know about the 70%
describe the intention-behaviour gap
lack of correspondence between intending to carry out a behaviour and doing it
describe the concept of planning
having an implementation intention makes us more likely to carry out on the intention and bridge the I-B gap
describe an implementation intention
having a positive intention and a plan of the exact situation (time/place/how)
we need what in the concept of planning?
to anticipate the situation and our behavioural response and mental stimulation of the situation
describe emotions
psychological response and physical display of evoked feelings due to important objects, events, people
emotions depend on what
experience and history
how are emotions different to moods
emotions are clearly targeted, shorter in duration, more intense, aroused by specific obj/person/event
list the 6 basic emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, fear
describe why the 6 basic emotions are basic
universal, recognised and occur everywhere regardless of time and culture
list emotions going beyond basic
boredom, shame, pride, love, guilt, shadefraude
list the 3 emotion families
basic
self-conscious (shame/pride)
moral (contempt/empathy)
Freud thought what about sadness
it was the most common emotion
study found out what about common emotions
mean of happiness was 5 times greater than for sadness and was the highest mean out of all emotions
describe embodied social cognition
bodily states influence attitudes, social perception, and emotion
describe embodiment of enotions
imitating others’ facial expressions and perceived emotions of others automatically
describe the facial feedback hypothesis
brain using info of facial muscle contraction to determine how we feel
how does mimicry of the FFH help us
helps process emotional responses and when others’ emotions change
what is the keychain in the James-Lange theory of emotions
stimulus
perception and interpretation
autonomic arousal
emotion
JL theory of emotions thought what about the ANS
changes in it infer what emotion felt
how was it found that the JL theory is incorrect
separating internal organs from CNS didn’t result in changes
organ changes too slow
inducing visceral changes didn’t result in emotional changes
what is the two factor model of emotions
emotions are determined by both physiological arousal and cognitive assessment of the situation as physiological states are ambiguous
study found what about attributing physiological state
those not attributing physiological state to adrenaline injection experienced more anger when in emotion-provoking sit
study about misattribution of arousal found what
risky bridge participants were more aroused and more attributed it to female thinking she caused it than sturdy bridge
describe the circumplex model of emotion
mathematical representation of interrelation of emotions
related emotions are where on the CME
close together
less correlated far apart
which feelings are systematically interrelated
affective dimensions as every 30 degrees
CME means if one emotion is reported then
many more of a similar type will be reported
