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Social > 7 - Social Categorisation > Flashcards

7 - Social Categorisation Flashcards

1
Q

5 stages of group formation

A

forming storming norming performing adjourning

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2
Q

what happens in the forming stage

A

we want to be accepted, avoid conflict, learn about each other, focus on routines like determining group structure

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3
Q

what happens during storming

A

question role of the group’s work and conflict is addressed or suppressed

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4
Q

what happens during norming

A

roles are agreed, everyone’s skills are understood, and a common identity emerges

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5
Q

what happens during performing

A

interdependence and trust established, task is worked on, flexibility

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6
Q

describe group socialisation

A

process of groups as a whole and members coming together to meet each other’s needs and complete goals

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7
Q

what’s the role of commitment in group socialisation

A

if it changes a lot, roles change

commitment is determined by the evaluation of interrelationships’ rewards and worthwileness

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8
Q

list the 5 stages of group socialisation

A 
investigation
socialisation
maintenance
resocialisation
rememberance
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9
Q

what happens during investigation

A

if criteria of group and individual are met through recruitment and preliminary research respectively, individual joins

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10
Q

what happens during socialisation

A

person assimilates into the group and both the group/indiv need to meet the critical commitment level for acceptance

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11
Q

what happens during maintenance

A

negotiation of the individual’s duties so they get rewards and if this fails, commitment falls and member is marginalised

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12
Q

what happens during resocialisation

A

member tries to reassimilate and accommodate the group so convergence occurs and commitment increases but is harsher than socialisation

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13
Q

what happens during remembrance

A

if resoc unsuccessful, group and ex-member reminisce about each other and sense of loyalty still there

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14
Q

describe group cohesion

A

degree to which the group holds up as an entity

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15
Q

what 4 things lead to adherence to group standards

A

group members’ attractiveness
group’s attractiveness
social interaction goals
individual goals requiring interdependence with group members

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16
Q

describe ethnocentrism

A

preference for one’s own group and its features over other groups

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17
Q

describe the realistic group conflict theory

A

why intergroup conflict through competition arises as we want our own social group to be superior

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18
Q

4 stages of realistic group conflict theory

A

intergroup competition and frustration caused from pursuing zero-sum resources
ingroup solidarity, outgroup derogation
conflict
co-operation and reduced conflict from pursuing interdependent goals

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19
Q

describe the contact hypothesis

A

F2F contact between ingroups reduces prejudice

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20
Q

5 optimal conditions for contact hypothesis

A 
F2F
common goals
groups have equal status
intergroup cop-op
support from authorities which have a stake
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21
Q

what did a meta-analysis find

A

negative correlation between contact time and prejudice

and almost 100% had conflict resolution when all conditions met

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22
Q

real-world example of conflict

A

increase in prejudice against black ppl when segregation policy abolished as members not perceived to have equal status

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23
Q

why are real-word conflicts hard to resolve

A

groups don’t come together naturally and optimal conditions don’t hold

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24
Q

stage 1 of the robber’s cave study

A

2 ingroups doing activities within each other w minimal contact w other group
both labelled each other to demonstrate allegiance

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25
Q

stage 2 of robber’s cave study

A

zero sum goals created to form conflict through a tournament resulting in og derogation, aggression, retaliation, violence, og desgination (us vs them)

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26
Q

stage 3 of robber’s cave study

A

resolved conflict through superordinate goals like both needing to unblock water pipe and acts of genorosity, reduced animosity observed

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27
Q

how did each ingroup rate the outgroup after stage 3

A

rated outgroup more negatively than ingroup but more positively than before as started to form friendships with outgroup members

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28
Q

real-world example of FAE and intergroup conflict

A

conflict due to phone-hacking, bank bailouts, and Mark Duggan but observers attributed riots to young people and ignored the situation (FAE)

29
Q

describe the minimal group paradigm

A

experimental manipulation testing mere categorisation on behaviour and minimal conditions under which groups will form

30
Q

findings of the minimal group paradigm study

A

most favoured ingroup over outgroup by being favoured relatively despite not meeting ingroup members and being formed over a tribial thing

31
Q

how does the minimal group paradigm support the social identity theory

A

will expend resources to pursue symbolic superiority

32
Q

describe marginal group members/deviants

A

those deviating too far from prototypical group norms but seen as more constructive than og critics as less threatening

33
Q

define aversive racism

A

inner conflict between being liberal and racist leads to avoiding contact w specific racial groups, preventing discomfort

34
Q

define moral credentialing

A

trying to show they’re not prejudiced then saying prejudiced things to prove to self not racist

35
Q

how is racism equality tension solved

A

by suppressing or controlling and justifying it

36
Q

define the black sheep effect

A

deviating from standards in a group and then being shunned and derogated by the group

37
Q

why are deviant ingroup members shunned in the black sheep effect

A

to ensure remaining ig members adhere to norms and bc they’ve threatened the positive group image by deviating from perceived high standards

38
Q

define ostracism

A

being excluded by a group by their consensus

39
Q

how can ostracism make the excluded feel

A

sad, angry, lonely, psychologically distressed, losing sense of self and how to behave

40
Q

how can ostracism cause physical pain

A

area responsible for physical pain linked to psychological distress

41
Q

why do we need interdependence

A

groups achieve things individuals can’t and we’re influenced by interacting w others meaning we form different goals and bhvrs than when alone

42
Q

how do groups help achieve support and feeling affiliated

A

join groups w same att/beliefs to share customs/norms, and achieve what we want to

43
Q

how do groups help self-esteem

A

enhanced through social inclusion as not alone and social support provided protects from stress

44
Q

how do groups alleviate subjective uncertainty

A

identifying with groups helps tell us who we are, how to behave, and predict how people will behave towards us

45
Q

how do groups provide optimal distinctiveness

A

find balance between affiliation and uniqueness and distinguish from other groups but feel affiliated w similar people

46
Q

describe terror management theory

A

mortality salience creating a constant source of anxiety which must be death with

47
Q

define worldview

A

way of organising the world to provide a set of standards of what’s valuable to us, and give a meaning to life

48
Q

how do being part of ingroups reduce anxiety

A

being in an ingroup enhances self-esteem and worth validating worldviews

49
Q

cultural world views do what

A

reduce mortality-related anxiety by feeling part of an ingroup

50
Q

what did the terror management theory study of Christians find

A

being mortality salient means we favour ingroup and see it as more positive than outgroup which we denigrate and our attraction to og decreases but ig increases

51
Q

mortality salience affects how we see ingroups how

A

increases desire to affiliate with an ingroup and affects how we deal with ig deviants and other groups

52
Q

define social identity

A

aspect of oneself determined by group memberships

53
Q

define social identity theory

A

personal identities and group memberships complete people’s sense of self and one identity is more salient depending on circumstance

54
Q

define prototype

A

describes groups’ characteristics and determines how those within a group are expected to think and behave

55
Q

how do we create a group prototype

A

identify an approx set of characteristics defining a group and its uniqueness by using familiar categories or more complex ones

56
Q

what happens when we self categorise

A

see self as a group member, our att/bhvr/feelings affected by the group, a precondition for group membership

57
Q

why do we categorise with esteemed groups

A

to enhance self-concept and self-esteem to feel good as prototypes determine how we feel about ourself

58
Q

what does social categorisation cause the need of

A

interdependence and for affective feelings to be associated w group membership

59
Q

how is authoritarianism explained by social identity processes

A

it’s social categorisation (us vs them) as more prejudiced towards groups low in status or going against traditional values

60
Q

how is authoritarianism related to situational forces

A

when social order is threatened, become more authoritarian

61
Q

how are group norms inferred in crowd situations (SIT)

A

from comments and actions of those in the same social category and think about approp bhvrs in the context

62
Q

who is followed in antisocial bhvr (SIT)

A

those belonging to the same social category and not outsiders e.g. police

63
Q

how does deindividuation cause antisocial bhvr

A

immersed in crowd so lose sense of self, become anonymous so more violent and uncontrollable

64
Q

in antisocial situations, what does deindividuation say about objective self-awareness

A

it’s lowered as no public s-a means don’t care what others think and no priv s-a means lose internal standards so controlled by external ones

65
Q

how does emergent norm theory explain antisocial behaviour

A

uncertainty means ppl search for norms and unanimity of actions validate them, so collective bhvr is based on emerging norms

66
Q

what is milling

A

interacting with others and giving our own accounts and hearing others’ to get sense of norms

67
Q

what are keynoters

A

people resolving ambivalence by suggesting action and norms with no uncertainty

68
Q

what do people do as a response to keynoters

A

suppress or resolve a stance in favour of them

69
Q

how does an illusion of unanimity come about in emergent norms theory

A

keynoter’s suggestion is expressed more widely and others aren’t so self-fulfilling prophecy occurs as a result of the illusion

Social (8 decks)

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