7 - Social Categorisation Flashcards
5 stages of group formation
forming storming norming performing adjourning
what happens in the forming stage
we want to be accepted, avoid conflict, learn about each other, focus on routines like determining group structure
what happens during storming
question role of the group’s work and conflict is addressed or suppressed
what happens during norming
roles are agreed, everyone’s skills are understood, and a common identity emerges
what happens during performing
interdependence and trust established, task is worked on, flexibility
describe group socialisation
process of groups as a whole and members coming together to meet each other’s needs and complete goals
what’s the role of commitment in group socialisation
if it changes a lot, roles change
commitment is determined by the evaluation of interrelationships’ rewards and worthwileness
list the 5 stages of group socialisation
investigation socialisation maintenance resocialisation rememberance
what happens during investigation
if criteria of group and individual are met through recruitment and preliminary research respectively, individual joins
what happens during socialisation
person assimilates into the group and both the group/indiv need to meet the critical commitment level for acceptance
what happens during maintenance
negotiation of the individual’s duties so they get rewards and if this fails, commitment falls and member is marginalised
what happens during resocialisation
member tries to reassimilate and accommodate the group so convergence occurs and commitment increases but is harsher than socialisation
what happens during remembrance
if resoc unsuccessful, group and ex-member reminisce about each other and sense of loyalty still there
describe group cohesion
degree to which the group holds up as an entity
what 4 things lead to adherence to group standards
group members’ attractiveness
group’s attractiveness
social interaction goals
individual goals requiring interdependence with group members
describe ethnocentrism
preference for one’s own group and its features over other groups
describe the realistic group conflict theory
why intergroup conflict through competition arises as we want our own social group to be superior
4 stages of realistic group conflict theory
intergroup competition and frustration caused from pursuing zero-sum resources
ingroup solidarity, outgroup derogation
conflict
co-operation and reduced conflict from pursuing interdependent goals
describe the contact hypothesis
F2F contact between ingroups reduces prejudice
5 optimal conditions for contact hypothesis
F2F common goals groups have equal status intergroup cop-op support from authorities which have a stake
what did a meta-analysis find
negative correlation between contact time and prejudice
and almost 100% had conflict resolution when all conditions met
real-world example of conflict
increase in prejudice against black ppl when segregation policy abolished as members not perceived to have equal status
why are real-word conflicts hard to resolve
groups don’t come together naturally and optimal conditions don’t hold
stage 1 of the robber’s cave study
2 ingroups doing activities within each other w minimal contact w other group
both labelled each other to demonstrate allegiance
stage 2 of robber’s cave study
zero sum goals created to form conflict through a tournament resulting in og derogation, aggression, retaliation, violence, og desgination (us vs them)
stage 3 of robber’s cave study
resolved conflict through superordinate goals like both needing to unblock water pipe and acts of genorosity, reduced animosity observed
how did each ingroup rate the outgroup after stage 3
rated outgroup more negatively than ingroup but more positively than before as started to form friendships with outgroup members
real-world example of FAE and intergroup conflict
conflict due to phone-hacking, bank bailouts, and Mark Duggan but observers attributed riots to young people and ignored the situation (FAE)
describe the minimal group paradigm
experimental manipulation testing mere categorisation on behaviour and minimal conditions under which groups will form
findings of the minimal group paradigm study
most favoured ingroup over outgroup by being favoured relatively despite not meeting ingroup members and being formed over a tribial thing
how does the minimal group paradigm support the social identity theory
will expend resources to pursue symbolic superiority
describe marginal group members/deviants
those deviating too far from prototypical group norms but seen as more constructive than og critics as less threatening
define aversive racism
inner conflict between being liberal and racist leads to avoiding contact w specific racial groups, preventing discomfort
define moral credentialing
trying to show they’re not prejudiced then saying prejudiced things to prove to self not racist
how is racism equality tension solved
by suppressing or controlling and justifying it
define the black sheep effect
deviating from standards in a group and then being shunned and derogated by the group
why are deviant ingroup members shunned in the black sheep effect
to ensure remaining ig members adhere to norms and bc they’ve threatened the positive group image by deviating from perceived high standards
define ostracism
being excluded by a group by their consensus
how can ostracism make the excluded feel
sad, angry, lonely, psychologically distressed, losing sense of self and how to behave
how can ostracism cause physical pain
area responsible for physical pain linked to psychological distress
why do we need interdependence
groups achieve things individuals can’t and we’re influenced by interacting w others meaning we form different goals and bhvrs than when alone
how do groups help achieve support and feeling affiliated
join groups w same att/beliefs to share customs/norms, and achieve what we want to
how do groups help self-esteem
enhanced through social inclusion as not alone and social support provided protects from stress
how do groups alleviate subjective uncertainty
identifying with groups helps tell us who we are, how to behave, and predict how people will behave towards us
how do groups provide optimal distinctiveness
find balance between affiliation and uniqueness and distinguish from other groups but feel affiliated w similar people
describe terror management theory
mortality salience creating a constant source of anxiety which must be death with
define worldview
way of organising the world to provide a set of standards of what’s valuable to us, and give a meaning to life
how do being part of ingroups reduce anxiety
being in an ingroup enhances self-esteem and worth validating worldviews
cultural world views do what
reduce mortality-related anxiety by feeling part of an ingroup
what did the terror management theory study of Christians find
being mortality salient means we favour ingroup and see it as more positive than outgroup which we denigrate and our attraction to og decreases but ig increases
mortality salience affects how we see ingroups how
increases desire to affiliate with an ingroup and affects how we deal with ig deviants and other groups
define social identity
aspect of oneself determined by group memberships
define social identity theory
personal identities and group memberships complete people’s sense of self and one identity is more salient depending on circumstance
define prototype
describes groups’ characteristics and determines how those within a group are expected to think and behave
how do we create a group prototype
identify an approx set of characteristics defining a group and its uniqueness by using familiar categories or more complex ones
what happens when we self categorise
see self as a group member, our att/bhvr/feelings affected by the group, a precondition for group membership
why do we categorise with esteemed groups
to enhance self-concept and self-esteem to feel good as prototypes determine how we feel about ourself
what does social categorisation cause the need of
interdependence and for affective feelings to be associated w group membership
how is authoritarianism explained by social identity processes
it’s social categorisation (us vs them) as more prejudiced towards groups low in status or going against traditional values
how is authoritarianism related to situational forces
when social order is threatened, become more authoritarian
how are group norms inferred in crowd situations (SIT)
from comments and actions of those in the same social category and think about approp bhvrs in the context
who is followed in antisocial bhvr (SIT)
those belonging to the same social category and not outsiders e.g. police
how does deindividuation cause antisocial bhvr
immersed in crowd so lose sense of self, become anonymous so more violent and uncontrollable
in antisocial situations, what does deindividuation say about objective self-awareness
it’s lowered as no public s-a means don’t care what others think and no priv s-a means lose internal standards so controlled by external ones
how does emergent norm theory explain antisocial behaviour
uncertainty means ppl search for norms and unanimity of actions validate them, so collective bhvr is based on emerging norms
what is milling
interacting with others and giving our own accounts and hearing others’ to get sense of norms
what are keynoters
people resolving ambivalence by suggesting action and norms with no uncertainty
what do people do as a response to keynoters
suppress or resolve a stance in favour of them
how does an illusion of unanimity come about in emergent norms theory
keynoter’s suggestion is expressed more widely and others aren’t so self-fulfilling prophecy occurs as a result of the illusion
