Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social > 2 - Errors and Biases > Flashcards

2 - Errors and Biases Flashcards

1
Q

Define fundamental attribution bias

A

Tendency to overestimate importance of dispositional factors, and underestimating/ignoring situational factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define correspondent inference theory

A

Where actions are freely chosen, we infer info about dispositional factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Results from a study researching the correspondent inference theory?

A

Pro-Castro own will condition, inferred more than author was pro-Castro relative to PC instruction and anti-Castro own choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define the actor-observer effect

A

Actor of behaviour attributes cause to situation, observers attribute to dispositional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the A-O effect, how does the actor see their behaviour

A

Actors don’t have self awareness, but look from own perspective at stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the A-O effect, what do observers do

A

Focus more on actor than the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are actors more likely to do in the A-O effect

A

Describe bhvr through reasons/desires/beliefs which motivated the bhvr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In the A-O effect, who’s more like to make the FAE?

A

Observers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is FAE not an error? (-)

A

No objective criteria so don’t know what’s accurate or the true cause of bhvr from one ob

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the FAE is interdependent (-)

A

Internal and external causalities - can’t be separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What don’t we know about the actor in FAE (-)

A

How they’re interacting w the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After taking all the criticisms into account, what should the FAE actually be called?

A

Correspondence bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

3 Cs of the FAE model

A

Categorisation (nc)
Characterisation (nc)
Correction (c)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define categorisation

A

Notice action by actor and give meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define characterisation

A

What the action implies about actor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define correction

A

Notice and acknowledge situational constraints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do we automatically attribute causality to the actor?

A

Categorisation and characterisation are non conscious and don’t need conscious cog effort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do we need for correction?

A

Motivation and cog resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Limited cog resources does what

A

Reduces capacity to correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did the abortion study find?

A

Being given a cog load meant causality was attributed to speech writer’s views
Less able to correct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define correspondence bias

A

General tendency for observers socialised into western cultures to automatically attribute causality to dispositional factors due to limitation of cog resources/motivation to correct attribution and acknowledge situational factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are those in individualistic cultures more likely to do

A

Attribute cause to dispositional factors, self-define by internal attributes and separate self from context

23
Q

What are those in collectivistic cultures more likely to do

A

Attribute cause to situational factors, self-define by costal rltps and integrate self into social context

24
Q

What did a study about culture and attributions find

A

USA adults and 15 y/o attributed dispositional factors more than India

25
Q

Define bounded rationality

A

Devising reasons and a logical basis for actions/beliefs being limited by time/mental capacity/info amount

26
Q

Define heuristics

A

Cognitive miser simplifying decision making used to motivation of taking least cog demanding approach to make attributions

27
Q

Heuristics are unreliable so they can lead to what

A

Making errors

28
Q

When do we use heuristics

A

When we don’t have cog resources to think rationally

29
Q

Define availability heuristic

A

Availability of certain knowledge when making certain judgements

30
Q

Define confirmation bias

A

Tendency to look for info consistent w a hypothesis and ignoring/not looking for inconsistent info

31
Q

Results from study relating to participants asking to determine if stimulus person was I/E when given low high certainty hypothesis they were

A

Parts determining I looked for I-based qs; looking for E looked for E-based as even when given monetary incentive for accurate qs

32
Q

How does self-fulfilling prophecy relate to confirmation bias

A

Have false att/belief evoking bhvr making false conception true

33
Q

What does the self-fulfilling prophecy lead to

A

More defiant bhvr as adopt label into self-schema

34
Q

Limitation of confirmation bias study related to methodology (-)

A

Priming by asking to test hypothesis so CB may not have occurred

35
Q

Limitation of confirmation bias study related to info processing bias (-)

A

Limited capacity - can’t think of hypothesis as being true/false so schemas direct us to info concords for w view

36
Q

Limitation of confirmation bias study related to pragmatism (-)

A

Don’t look for disapproving info as may not exist so waste time/resources

37
Q

Limitation of confirmation bias study related to educational effect (-)

A

Been taught to look for info supporting conclusions

38
Q

Define anchoring

A

Using initial info to influence subsequent estimate when in situations w ambiguous answer

39
Q

What 2 judgements are made with anchoring

A

Comparative

Absolute

40
Q

Define comparative judgement

A

Think about if answer is higher/lower than anchor value

41
Q

What does the anchor value prime?

A

Candidate answer

We adjust until reach an acceptable answer reached

42
Q

When may anchoring occur?

A

When don’t have enough time to process fully

43
Q

Define prospect theory

A

Preferences change when same problem is described differently

44
Q

Describe framing

A

Presentation of an element of persuasive speaking/reading in a way to encourage one interpretation and discourage another

45
Q

Describe gain frame

A

Positive outcome and prefer certainty

46
Q

Describe loss frame

A

Negative outcome, prefer risky options
Losses appear larger than gains of same amount
Pain of loss disliked more than pleasure of gain is liked

47
Q

Define the better than average effect

A

Tendency to overrate positive qualities and abilities whilst underestimating negative ones when assessing oneself relative to others

48
Q

Describe self-serving bias

A

Attributing events to causes which serve the self, motivated by self-enhancement

49
Q

What does SSB involve

A

Crediting self for success and deflecting blame onto others to protect self

50
Q

What does SSB lead to

A

Unrealistic optimism distorting attributions to own/others’ bhvrs

51
Q

How does the illusion of bias relate to SSB

A

Created when exaggerated correlation between success and effort, thinking we have more control than we do

52
Q

Describe false consensus effect

A

Overestimating how much others share same bhvrs/atts as us by thinking abilities are normal even if not good

53
Q

Describe the false uniqueness effect

A

Belief more likely to perform bhvr than others

54
Q

Limitation of heuristics related to explanation (-)

A

Just described not explain, trying to explain would be redescribing

Social (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions