6 - Presence of Others Flashcards
define group polarisation
group interaction with those who have similar attitudes strengthens indiv’s atts so they become more extreme
define risky shift
groups tending to make more risky decisions than indivs
how can attitudes become more reinforced by verbalising opinions
anticipating someone w an opposite view and assoc w those w a similar view means we prepare arguments and express view more strongly
how is normative influence a cause for group polarisation
express stronger att so like-minded like us or change att to avoid disapproval when comparing attitudes
define pluralistic ignorance
majority of group members privately rejecting a norm but mistakenly thinking the group accepts it
how can we get rid of pluralistic ignorance
through group discussion so we slowly see others’ attitudes and express if similar or conceal it or jump on the bandwagon
how is informational influence a cause of group polarisation
when unsure, majority will support dominant opinion when in group discussion
how can opinions become more extreme in group discussion
adding familiar arguments and new persuasive ideas can sway attitude
with conformity, what processes are involved in forming a representation of the group norm from opinions expressed in the ig vs og
identification means conforming to group norm
in identification what happens if the group norm is or isn’t polarised
is = group polarisation occurs isn't = take the mean group attitude
in Triplett’s social facilitation study, what were the findings
when in competition, half were facilitated, some were inhibited but practice effect was confounding
what did Zajonc’s social facilitation theory state
presence of observers leads to general drive state through physiological arousal
Zajonc said what happens if the responses are well learned
facilitation, enhanced performance, usually w easy tasks
Zajonc said what happens when the responses aren’t well learned
inhibition, worsened performance, usually w difficult tasks
what did Cottrell’s findings contradict about Zajonc’s theory
indiv must think the audience are watching and it’s not just mere presence affecting performance
describe evaluation apprehension
individuals become worried about how the audience will evaluate their performance on a task as self-presentation is important
what do performing well and badly lead to
well means praise and recognition
badly means embarrassment and shame
what different arousal types are there when we think we’ll do well or badly
challenge = good so facilitation threat = bad so inhibition
after evaluation apprehension what do we think about
whether we have enough resources for a sufficient performance
with evaluation apprehension, do we need observers
no bc we just worry about others’ evaluation whether they’re there or not
describe distraction theory
cog load taken up by attention split w distractor stimulus so have fewer resources for task at hand
in distraction theory, what will happen depending on whether the task is easy or not
well-learned = dominant means unaffected performance
hard/not well learned = non-dominant so worse performance
describe the self-awareness explanation
we compare actual and ideal performances
what do small and large discrepancies with performances cause
small = motivation = better performance large = give up as ideal performance hard to match
how does being self-conscious affect performance
worsens it even if well-learnt as worry about self-presentation so hindered performance is failure anticipated
define the overloaded explanation
feeling overloaded in presence of an audience distracts us from cues we need to attend to
how does the influence of others depend on the nature of the task
process loss can occur where group performance is worse than sum of indivs’ performance
distractors and dominant group members lead to performance loss
define social loafing
expending less effort when doing a task as a group relative to alone as we think others will put more effort in
define free ride effect
individuals taking advantage of shared resources without making an appropriate contribution
define the Ringelmann effect
collective sum of efforts for a group is less than the sum of potential indiv efforts summed up
what did a study of the Ringelmann effect find
mean total exertion force went up as group size did but individual mean total force decreased
what is the equation for the Ringelmann effect
total capacity - (coordination loss + motivation loss)
what did a study find out about noise level and presence of others
noise level decreased as group size increased but directional coordination loss through microphone placement
how is evaluation apprehension related to social loafing
tasks related to social loafing decrease it as people don’t think they’re being watched so not accountable for behaviour and less identifiability
what is effort matching in terms of social loafing
thinking others are putting in less effort so we put in less effort so we don’t experience the sucker effect
define dispensability of effort related to social loafing
we think our effort is less valuable and impactful if there’re more people
what is expectancy in terms of social loafing
think about if own effort will enhance group performance and if group’s high quality performance will reach an outcome
describe valence of outcome in terms of social loafing
how valuable the end-goal is
how do values matter with social loading
we loaf less if we think our interaction w the group is worthy
how does liking matter in terms of social loafing
we group members are friendly or we can identify with them, we loaf less
what type of personality loafs less
conscientious, responsible, narcissists
define groupthink
group making bad decisions through poor critical evaluation as group cohesion is seen as more important than decisions
groupthink keychain to a bad outcome
group cohesiveness, structural faults, and sit context = groupthink = symptoms of gt = symp of defective decision making = outcome
real-world example of groupthink?
challenger disaster: concerns at low levels not told to high authority levels despite group having access to info preventing launch
what did an analysis of the presidential commission report find
> 50% statements supported groupthink
all statements ab faulty components were groupthink
criticisms of the challenger disaster being groupthink?
limited, retrospective evidence
good decision-making = bad decisions
norms of cohesive groups can mean good decisions
whole groupthink model studied in few experimental tests which reported mixed findings
what are some factors of good decision making
impartiality allow outside criticisms discuss issues before final decision have a critical evaluator members open to criticise
define deindividuation
being unable to differentiate between different people
define contagion
ideas spreading quickly, unpredictably, can’t resist passing on ideas
what happens when we become anonymous
disinhibition occurs, freed from normative constraints, become irrational and animalistic
what do attentional cues mean for self-awareness
respond less to norms, more to immediate situation, act imoulsively
what are accountability cues
factors determining whether one’ll be held responsible for their actions or not
how does it feel when we’re less accountable for things
more likely to do gratifying but inhibiting behaviours
what did the Halloween study find about deindividuation
most transgressed when anonymous but being unaccountable/unidentifiable leads to prosocial behaviour
in the emergent norms theory, when are suggestions more influential
if they’re similar to predispositions of the crowd
in the emergent norms theory, what does the crowd understand
consensual understanding of what’s right and wrong
in the emergent norms theory, how does the crowd conform
through normative social influence
in the emergent norms theory, what are 3 criticisms related to not being specific/descriptive
norms not constructed from scratch, general norms used
describes but doesn’t explain principles for adopted roles
unspecific about crowd formation/organisation
in the emergent norms theory, what are 2 criticisms related to differentiatoin
collective behaviour not that different from aggregated indiv behaviour
keynoter defined as someone influential but model says they aren’t influential
in the social identity model of crowd action, what do people have increased awareness of
norms awareness are group conscious
in the social identity model of crowd action, what effect does anonymity have
enhances social identity so conform to group than general social norms more
in the social identity model of crowd action, what identity is derived from what other identity
context-specific derived from superordinate
in the social identity model of crowd action, the emergent norms are appropriate for who
members of this category in this context
