Chapter 6: Nonverbal Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Messages expressed by other than linguistic means

A

Nonverbal communication

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2
Q

What are six functions of nonverbal communication?

A

Repeating, complementing, substituting, accenting, regulating, contradicting

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3
Q

Nonverbal behaviours that duplicate the content of a verbal message

A

Repeating

For example, pointing when giving instructions

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4
Q

Nonverbal behaviour that reinforces a verbal message

A

Complementing

Complementing non-verbal behaviours match the thoughts and emotions that the communicator is expressing verbally.

For example, saying thank you with a smile and sincere tone of voice rather than saying the same words in a monotone manner

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5
Q

Nonverbal behaviour that takes the place of a verbal message

A

Substituting

Example, when a friend asks, “what’s up?“You might shrug your shoulders or make a face instead of answering in words

Often used when communicators are reluctant to express their feelings – instead, they sigh, roll their eyes, it yawn

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6
Q

Nonverbal behaviours that emphasize part of a verbal message

A

Accenting

For example, pointing an accusing finger adds emphasis to criticism. Or accenting certain words with the voice such as “your” in “it was your idea“

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7
Q

A function of nonverbal communication in which nonverbal cues control the flow of verbal communication between and among individuals

A

Regulating

For example, parties in a conversation unconsciously send and receive turn-taking cues through their voice. When you’re ready to yield the floor, you create a rising vocal intonation pattern, then a falling one, or you draw out the final syllable at the end of your statement. Then you stop speaking.

Conversations are also regulated by nodding “I understand“ or “keep going“, looking away – lack of attention, or moving toward the door – ending the conversation

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8
Q

Nonverbal behaviour that is inconsistent with a verbal message

A

Contradicting

A common example of this sort of mixed message is the experience we’ve all had of hearing someone with a red face and bulging veins yelling, “angry? No, I’m not angry!“. In situations like these, we tend to believe the nonverbal message instead of the words

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9
Q

Nonverbal behaviours that reveal information a communicator does not disclose verbally

A

Leakage

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10
Q

Nonverbal behaviours that signal the untruthfulness of a verbal message

A

Deception cues

For example, pupil dilation and vocal cues for lying

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11
Q

What are three facts about detecting deception?

A

We are accurate in detecting deception only slightly more than half the time – only a shade better than leaving it to chance

We overestimate our ability to detect others’ lies

We have a strong tendency to judge others’ messages as truthful – we want to believe people wouldn’t lie to us, which biases our ability to detect deceit

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12
Q

Describe the influence of gender on nonverbal communication

A

Women are more expressive and better at recognizing others’ nonverbal behavior. Women smile more, use more facial expressions, use more head, hand, and arm gestures, touch others more, stand closer to others, are more vocally expressive, make more eye contact

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13
Q

Describe the influence of culture or nonverbal language

A

Some cultures people speak more with their hands, like Francophones

Some nonverbal behaviours have different meanings across cultures. The OK gesture, made by joining the tips of them and forefinger to form a circle, is a cheery affirmation to most Canadians but means “you’re worth zero“ in Belgium and France

Eye contact patterns vary around the world. A direct gaze is considered appropriate for speakers seeking power in Latin America, the Arab world, and southern Europe. On the other hand, Asians, Indians, Pakistanis, and northern Europeans gaze at a listener peripherally or not at all

The use of time also varies. North Americans emphasize punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time known as monochromic. In South America and Mediterranean cultures, they are more polychronic, with flexible schedules and multitasking

Some nonverbal behaviours are universal – smiles and laughter are signals of positive emotions

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14
Q

What are the different types of body movement or body positions of nonverbal behaviour? 4

A

Body orientation, posture, gestures, face and eyes

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15
Q

The study of body position and motion

A

Kinesics

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16
Q

A type of nonverbal communication. The degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head

A

Body orientation

Facing someone directly generally signals your interest and facing away signals a desire to avoid involvement

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17
Q

A type of nonverbal communication. The way people carry themselves

A

Posture

Tenseness denoted status: the lower-status person is generally the more rigid, tense-appearing one, whereas the higher-status person is more relaxed

18
Q

A type of nonverbal communication. Motions of the body, usually hands or arms, that have communicative value

A

Gestures

The most common forms of gestures are called illustrators- movements that accompany speech but don’t stand on their own. For example, pointing your fingers and gesturing with your hands to illustrate how to get to somewhere

Emblems – deliberate nonverbal behaviours that have a precise meaning, known to virtually everyone within a cultural group. Can stand on their own and often function as replacements for words. For example, we all know that a head nod means yes and a headshake means no, a wave means hello or goodbye

Manipulators or adaptors – consists of unconscious bodily movements in response to the environment. Such as fiddling with your hands, clicking a pen, or shivering

19
Q

Nonverbal behaviours that accompany and support verbal messages

A

Illustrators

Such as pointing in a direction to give directions to someone

20
Q

Deliberate nonverbal behaviours with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group

A

Emblems

Giving the middle finger, thumbs up means good

21
Q

Movements in which one part of the body groups, massages, rubs, holds, fidgets, pinches, picks, or otherwise manipulates another part

A

Adaptors or manipulators

Clicking a pen, twirling hair

22
Q

A type of nonverbal communication. Brief facial expressions

A

Microexpression

Those brief expressions that flit across the subject’s face in a short a time as it takes to blink an eye. Happiness and surprise in the eyes and more face, anger in the lower face brows forehead

Nonverbal communication in the face and eyes. The eyes themselves can send several kinds of messages. Meeting someone’s glance with your eyes is usually a sign of involvement, whereas looking away is often a sign of a desire to avoid contact
The eyes can communicate positive or negative attitude. Long glances can be interpreted as being interested in someone.
The eyes can communicate dominance and submission.

23
Q

Individual factors that are related to nonverbal communication (3)

A

Voice, touch, and physical attractiveness

24
Q

Nonlinguistic means of vocal expression: rate, pitch, tone, and so on

A

Paralanguage

25
Q

A non-linguistic verbalization; for example, stammering or saying “um” “er” or “ah”

A

Vocal filler

26
Q

The study of touching

A

Haptics

27
Q

Describe touch in nonverbal communication

A

Touch can communicate many messages and signify a variety of relationships:

  • functional/professional – dental exam, haircut
  • social/polite- handshake
  • friendship/warmth – clap on back
  • sexual arousal – kisses, strokes
  • aggression – shoves, slaps

What makes touch more or less intense depends on a number of factors:
The part of the body doing the touching; the part of the body being touched; the length of the touch; the pressure of the touch; whether anyone else is present; the situation in which the touch occurs; the relationship between the persons involved

Please a powerful role in our responses to others: people are evaluated more positively when they are touched. Besides increasing liking, also increases compliance.

28
Q

What are the two dimensions to appearance in nonverbal communication?

A

Physical attractiveness and clothing

Physical attractiveness: both men and women whom others find attractive are rated as being more sensitive, kind, strong, sociable, and interesting

Clothing: conveys 10 types of messages to others – economic level, economic background, educational level, social background, trustworthiness, educational background, social position, level of success, level of sophistication, moral character.
We are more likely to obey people dressed in a high-status manner. Uniforms and formal attire carry influence

29
Q

What external factors are related to nonverbal communication? (4)

A

Distance (physical space), environment, smell, and time

30
Q

The study of how people and animals use space

A

Proxemics

31
Q

One of anthropologist Edward Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from skin contact to 45 cm

A

Intimate distance

32
Q

One of anthropologist Edward Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from 45 cm to 1.2 m

A

Personal distance

33
Q

One of anthropologist Edward Hall’s four distance zones, ranging from 1.2 to 3.6 m

A

Social distance

34
Q

One of anthropologist Edward Hall’s four distance zones, extending outward from 3.6 m

A

Public distance

35
Q

What are the two dimensions of physical space or proxemics in nonverbal communication?

A

Distance and territoriality

Distance: you can often tell how people feel about one another by noting the distance between them. It is the distance that we voluntarily put between ourselves and others that gives a nonverbal clue about our feelings and the nature of the relationship.
We use intimate distance with people who are emotionally very close to us, mostly in private situations.
Most couples use personal distance in public.
Social distance is usually in business. For example between sales people and customers and people who work together.
Public distance is used by teachers in the classroom for the closer distances.

Territoriality – territory remains stationary. Any geographical area, such as a workstation, room, house, or other physical space, to which we assume some kind of “rights“ is our territory. Generally, we grant people with higher status more personal territory and greater privacy

36
Q

The notion that an area is claimed by an individual or a group of individuals

A

Territoriality

37
Q

Describe the role of physical environment in nonverbal communication

A

Physical settings, architecture, and interior design affect our communication. Some homes are very warm and make you feel comfortable, while others have unliving rooms where you can’t touch anything, can’t put your feet up, and can’t get too comfortable.

Environment can also shape the kind of interaction that takes place in it – subjects working in a “beautiful“ room we’re more positive and energetic than those working in an average or ugly space

38
Q

Describe the role of smell in nonverbal communication

A

Smell is related to attractiveness. Also associated with memory in that it helps this form and recall events and information. Buyers looking at new homes are influenced by how they smell

39
Q

The study of how humans use and structure time

A

Chronemics

40
Q

Describe the role of time in nonverbal communication

A

How we handle time can express both intentional and unintentional messages. Waiting can be an indicator of status, for example when you wait for important people such as doctors by appointment only

Also serves as a relationship marker. The amount of time spent with a relational partner sends important messages about valuing that person