748 Postmodern Approaches

Question 1

Social Constructionism

Answer 1

The client, not the therapist, is the expert

Question 2

Social Constructionism

Answer 2

Dialogue is used to elicit perspective, resources, and unique client experiences

Question 3

Social Constructionism

Answer 3

Questions empower clients to speak and to express their diverse positions

Question 4

Social Constructionism

Answer 4

The therapist supplies optimism and the process

Question 5

Social ConstructionismTherapy Goals

Answer 5

Generate new meaning in the lives of clients

Question 6

Social ConstructionismTherapy Goals

Answer 6

Co-develop, with clients, solutions that are unique to the situation

Question 7

Social ConstructionismTherapy Goals

Answer 7

Enhance awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on the individual

Question 8

Social ConstructionismTherapy Goals

Answer 8

Help people develop alternative ways of being, acting, knowing, and living

Question 9

Social Constructionism: Key Concepts

Answer 9

Postmodernists assume there are multiple truths

Question 10

Social Constructionism: Key Concepts

Answer 10

Reality is subjective and is based on the use of language

Question 11

Social Constructionism: Key Concepts

Answer 11

Postmodernists strive for a collaborative and consultative stance

Question 12

Social Constructionism: Key Concepts

Answer 12

Postmodern thought has an impact on the development of many theories

Question 13

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 13

Therapy grounded on a positive orientation—people are healthy and competent

Question 14

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 14

SFBT shares similarities with positive psychology

Question 15

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 15

Past is downplayed, while present and future are highlighted

Question 16

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 16

Therapy is concerned with looking for what is working

Question 17

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 17

Therapists assist clients in finding exceptions to their problems

Question 18

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 18

There is a shift from “problem-orientation” to “solution-focus”

Question 19

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy

Answer 19

Emphasis is on constructing solutions rather than problem solving

Question 20

Basic Assumptions of SFBT

Answer 20

The problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions

Question 21

Basic Assumptions of SFBT

Answer 21

People can create their own solutions

Question 22

Basic Assumptions of SFBT

Answer 22

Small changes lead to large changes

Question 23

Basic Assumptions of SFBT

Answer 23

The client is the expert on his or her own life

Question 24

Basic Assumptions of SFBT

Answer 24

The best therapy involves a collaborative partnership

Question 25

Basic Assumptions of SFBT

Answer 25

A therapist’s “not knowing” affords the client an opportunity to construct a solution

Question 26

Questions in SFBT

Answer 26

Skillful questions allow people to utilize their resources

Question 27

Questions in SFBT

Answer 27

Asking “how questions” that imply change can be useful

Question 28

Questions in SFBT

Answer 28

Effective questions focus attention on solutions

Question 29

Questions in SFBT

Answer 29

Questions can get clients to notice when things were better

Question 30

Questions in SFBT

Answer 30

Useful questions assist people in paying attention to what they are doing and can open up possibilities for them to do something different

Question 31

Types of Relationships in SFBT

Answer 31

Customer-type relationship: Client and therapist jointly identify a problem and a solution to work toward

Question 32

Types of Relationships in SFBT

Answer 32

Complainant relationship: A client describes a problem, but is not able or willing to take an active role in constructing a solution

Question 33

Types of Relationships in SFBT

Answer 33

Visitors: Clients come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem

Question 34

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 34

Pre-therapy change: Therapists ask, “What have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?”

Question 35

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 35

Formula first session task: Homework a therapist gives clients between their first and second sessions that offers hope that change is inevitable

Question 36

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 36

Exception questions: Therapists direct clients to times in their lives when the problem did not exist

Question 37

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 37

Miracle question: Therapists ask, “If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were asleep, what would be different in your life?”

Question 38

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 38

Scaling questions: Therapists ask, “On a scale of zero to 10, where are you with respect to __________?”

Question 39

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 39

Therapist feedback to clients: Therapists take a short break during each session to write a summary for clients

Question 40

Techniques Used in SFBT

Answer 40

Terminating: Termination begins at the first session

Question 41

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 41

Group is focused on solutions and the members’ ability to find solutions in their own lives

Question 42

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 42

Leader shifts focus from the problem by providing members the opportunity to view themselves as resourceful and competent

Question 43

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 43

Group members provide a supportive audience to observe one another being confident and competent

Question 44

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 44

Group members can offer input and point out exceptions to problematic situations in each others’ lives

Question 45

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 45

Questioning is used to facilitate client’s establishing goals early in the group process

Question 46

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 46

Goals for therapy are small, realistic, and achievable

Question 47

Narrative Therapy, therapists:

Answer 47

Listen to clients with an open mind

Question 48

Narrative Therapy, therapists:

Answer 48

Encourage clients to share their stories

Question 49

Narrative Therapy, therapists:

Answer 49

Listen to a problem-saturated story of a client without getting stuck

Question 50

Narrative Therapy, therapists:

Answer 50

Demonstrate respectful curiosity and persistence

Question 51

Narrative Therapy, therapists:

Answer 51

Believe the person is not the problem, but the problem is the problem

Question 52

The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy

Answer 52

Collaborate with the client in identifying (naming) the problem

Question 53

The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy

Answer 53

Separate the person from his or her problem

Question 54

The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy

Answer 54

Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or dominating the person

Question 55

The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy

Answer 55

Search for exceptions to the problem

Question 56

The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy

Answer 56

Ask clients to speculate about what kind of future they could expect from the competent person that is emerging

Question 57

The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy

Answer 57

Create an audience to support the new story

Question 58

Functions of the Narrative Therapist

Answer 58

To become active facilitators

Question 59

Functions of the Narrative Therapist

Answer 59

To demonstrate care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact, and fascination

Question 60

Functions of the Narrative Therapist

Answer 60

To believe in the client’s abilities, talents, and positive intentions

Question 61

Functions of the Narrative Therapist

Answer 61

To adopt a not-knowing position that allows being guided by the client’s story

Question 62

Functions of the Narrative Therapist

Answer 62

To help clients construct a preferred story line

Question 63

Functions of the Narrative Therapist

Answer 63

To create a collaborative relationship—with the client being the senior partner

Question 64

Questions in Narrative Therapy

Answer 64

Used to generate experience rather than to gather information

Question 65

Questions in Narrative Therapy

Answer 65

Always asked from a position of respect, curiosity, and openness, and from a not-knowing stance

Question 66

Questions in Narrative Therapy

Answer 66

Are used to assist clients in exploring dimensions of their life situations

Question 67

Questions in Narrative Therapy

Answer 67

Can lead to taking apart problem-saturated stories

Question 68

Externalization

Answer 68

is a process of separating the person from identifying with the problem

Question 69

Externalizing conversations help people

Answer 69

To free themselves from being identified with the problem

To identify times when they have dealt successfully with the problem

Question 70

Deconstruction and Creating Alternative Stories

Answer 70

Problem-saturated stories are deconstructed before new stories are co-created

Question 71

Deconstruction and Creating Alternative Stories

Answer 71

The assumption is that people can continually and actively re-author their lives

Question 72

Deconstruction and Creating Alternative Stories

Answer 72

Unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future

Question 73

Deconstruction and Creating Alternative Stories

Answer 73

An appreciative audience helps new stories to take root

Question 74

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 74

Narrative therapy has been used for group work in school settings

Question 75

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 75

Group work provides an appreciative audience with which a client can discuss the new developments of his or her life

Question 76

Application to Group Counseling

Answer 76

New identities can be rehearsed in the group setting

Question 77

Application to Group Counseling: Wide range of uses for group-based narrative therapy in schools including:

Answer 77

Anger management

Question 78

Application to Group Counseling: Wide range of uses for group-based narrative therapy in schools including:

Answer 78

Grief counseling

Question 79

Application to Group Counseling: Wide range of uses for group-based narrative therapy in schools including:

Answer 79

Academic management

Question 80

Application to Group Counseling: Wide range of uses for group-based narrative therapy in schools including:

Answer 80

An adventure-based program

Question 81

Strengths from a Diversity Perspective

Answer 81

Social constructionism is congruent with the philosophy of multiculturalism

Question 82

Strengths from a Diversity Perspective

Answer 82

Clients are encouraged to explore how their realities are being constructed out of cultural discourse and the consequences that follow from such constructions

Question 83

Strengths from a Diversity Perspective

Answer 83

Narrative therapy is grounded in a sociocultural context

Question 84

Limitations from a Diversity Perspective

Answer 84

Adopting a “not knowing” stance may lead clients from some cultures to lose confidence in the therapist

Question 85

Limitations from a Diversity Perspective

Answer 85

Postmodern-oriented therapists must convey to clients that they have expertise in the therapeutic process but clients are the experts in knowing what they want in life

Question 86

Contributions of the Postmodern Approaches

Answer 86

Due to the optimistic orientation of these approaches, clients can make significant progress in building more satisfying lives in a short time

Question 87

Contributions of the Postmodern Approaches

Answer 87

The postmodern approaches remind us that people cannot be reduced to a specific problem

Question 88

Contributions of the Postmodern Approaches

Answer 88

Practitioners adopt a nonpathologizing stance

Question 89

Contributions of the Postmodern Approaches

Answer 89

A major strength of SFBT and narrative therapy is the use of questioning, the centerpiece of both approaches

Question 90

Contributions of the Postmodern Approaches

Answer 90

Brief therapy has been shown to be effective for a wide range of clinical problems

Question 91

Limitations of thePostmodern Approaches

Answer 91

Therapists must be skilled in implementing brief interventions

Question 92

Limitations of thePostmodern Approaches

Answer 92

Therapists may employ techniques in a mechanistic fashion

Question 93

Limitations of thePostmodern Approaches

Answer 93

Reliance on techniques may detract from building a therapeutic relationship

Question 94

Limitations of thePostmodern Approaches

Answer 94

Narrative therapists must be careful to approach client’s stories without imposing a preconceived notion of the client’s experiences

Question 95

Limitations of thePostmodern Approaches

Answer 95

For some clients, the therapist’s “not knowing stance” may compromise their confidence in the therapist as an expert

Question 96

Limitations of thePostmodern Approaches

Answer 96

More empirical research is needed