748 behavioral Flashcards
Four Areas of Development
Classical (or Respondent) Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Social-Learning (or Social-Cognitive) Approach
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Classical (or Respondent) Conditioning
Refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing
Operant Conditioning
Focuses on a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them
Social-Learning (or Social-Cognitive) Approach
Gives prominence to the triadic reciprocal interaction between an individual’s behavior, personal factors, and the environment
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Social skills training, cognitive therapy, stress management training, mindfulness, and acceptance-based practices all represent the cognitive behavioral tradition
Behavior Therapy
A set of clinical procedures relying on experimental findings of psychological research
Behavior Therapy
Based on principles of learning that are systematically applied
Behavior Therapy
Focus is on the client’s current problems and on assessing behavior through observation or self-monitoring
Behavior Therapy
Largely action-oriented and educational – therapist teaches clients skills of self-management
Behavior Therapy
Behavior is something that can be operationally defined; it includes overt actions as well as internal processes
Behavior Therapy
Change can take place without insight into underlying dynamics and the origins of a psychological problem
Behavior Therapy
Behaviorists ask: “What treatment, by whom, is the most effective for this individual with that specific problem and under which set of circumstances?”
Behavior Therapy
The general goals of behavior therapy are to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning
Functional Assessment of Behavior
A-B-C model
Antecedent(s)
Behavior(s)
Consequence(s)
Operant Conditioning Positive and negative reinforcement
Goal: to increase target behavior
Operant Conditioning Extinction
Goal: to decrease or eliminate a behavior by withholding reinforcement from a previously reinforced response
Operant Conditioning Positive and negative punishment
Goal: to decrease target behavior
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
is a popular method of teaching people to cope with the stresses produced by daily living
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Relaxation becomes a well-learned response, which can become a habitual pattern if practiced daily
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
Relaxation procedures have been applied to a variety of clinical problems ranging from chronic pain to panic disorder
Systematic Desensitization
Based on classical conditioning, SD was developed by Joseph Wolpe
Systematic Desensitization
SD is effective in reducing maladaptive anxiety and treating anxiety-related disorders, particularly specific phobias
Systematic Desensitization
SD entails relaxation training, development of a graduated anxiety hierarchy, and presentation of hierarchy items while client is deeply relaxed
Exposure Therapies
In Vivo Desensitization
Involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations
Exposure Therapies
Flooding
In vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety-evoking stimuli for a prolonged period of time without the feared consequences
Exposure Therapies Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
An exposure-based therapy
Exposure Therapies Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders
Exposure Therapies Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Extensive research has validated EMDR
Social Skills Training
Helps clients develop and achieve skills in interpersonal competence
Social Skills Training
May involve behavioral procedures (e.g., psychoeducation, modeling, behavior rehearsal, and feedback)
Social Skills Training
If clients can correct their problematic behaviors in practice situations, they can then apply these new skills in daily life
Self-Management Programs
In S-M programs people make decisions concerning specific behaviors they want to control or change
Self-Management Programs
The process includes selecting goals, translating goals into target behaviors, self-monitoring, working out a plan for change, and evaluating an action plan
Self-Management Programs
S-M strategies have been successfully applied to many populations and problems
Multimodal Therapy
A comprehensive, systematic, holistic approach to behavior therapy developed by Arnold Lazarus
Multimodal Therapy
Grounded in social-cognitive theory
Multimodal Therapy
Applies diverse behavioral techniques to a wide range of problems; it encourages technical eclecticism
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
The complex personality of human beings can be divided into seven major areas of functioning:
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
behavior
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
affective responses
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
sensations
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
images
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
cognitions
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
interpersonal relationships
Multimodal Therapy: BASIC ID
drugs, biological functions, nutrition, and exercise
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
A promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques for treating borderline personality disorders and other issues
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Includes both acceptance-oriented and change-oriented strategies
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Skills are taught in four modules: mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotional regulation, and distress tolerance
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Assists people in learning to live more fully in the present
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
The skills taught in MBSR include sitting meditation and mindful yoga, aimed at cultivating mindfulness
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
Didactic instruction is minimized and experiential learning and self-discovery are emphasized
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
MBSR is not a form of psychotherapy per se, but it can be an adjunct to therapy
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
An 8-week group treatment program adapted from MBSR that includes components of CBT
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Clients learn to respond in skillful and intentional ways to their automatic negative thought patterns
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Kindness and self-compassion are essential components of MBCT
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
ACT involves fully accepting present experience and mindfully letting go of obstacles
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
There is little emphasis on changing the content of a client’s thoughts. Instead, the emphasis is on acceptance (nonjudgmental awareness) of cognitions
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
The goal of ACT is to allow for increased psychological flexibility
Application to Group Counseling Treatments
Rely on empirical support and tend to be brief
Application to Group Counseling Treatments
Emphasize self-management skills and thought restructuring
Application to Group Counseling Leaders
Use a brief, directive, psychoeducational approach
Application to Group Counseling Leaders
Conduct behavioral assessments
Application to Group Counseling Leaders and members
Create collaborative, precise treatment goals
Application to Group Counseling Leaders and members
Devise a specific treatment plan to help each member meet goals
Application to Group Counseling Leaders and members
Objectively measure treatment outcome
Strengths from a Diversity Perspective
Behavior therapy may appeal to culturally diverse clients for many reasons (e.g., it emphasizes objectivity, tasks, cognition, behavior, action, coping, problem-solving, etc.)
Strengths from a Diversity Perspective
Behavior therapy focuses on environmental, social, and political conditions that contribute to a client’s problems
Limitations from a Diversity Perspective
Some counselors may use a variety of techniques in narrowly treating specific behavioral problems
Limitations from a Diversity Perspective
Therapists who do not assess the interpersonal and cultural dimensions of the client’s problem may not adequately prepare him/her for the consequences of newly acquired social skills
Contributions of Behavior Therapy
The specificity of the behavioral approaches helps clients translate unclear goals into concrete plans of action
Contributions of Behavior Therapy
A wide variety of specific behavioral techniques have been developed
Contributions of Behavior Therapy
Behavioral interventions have been subjected to more rigorous evaluation than other approaches
Contributions of Behavior Therapy
Behavior therapy emphasizes ethical accountability
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
Heavy focus on behavioral change may detract from client’s experience of emotions
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
Some counselors believe the therapist’s role as a teacher deemphasizes the important relational factors in the client-therapist relationship
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
Behavior therapy does not place emphasis on insight
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
Behavior therapy tends to focus on symptoms rather than underlying causes of maladaptive behaviors
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
There is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client using this approach
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
Some clients may find the directive approach imposing or too mechanistic
