725 Test 1

Question 1

What is psychopharmacology?

Answer 1

Area of of pharmacology specializing in drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior.

Question 2

What is a therapeutic drug effect?

Answer 2

A drug-receptor interaction that produces a DESIRED physical or behavioral change.

Question 3

What is a side effect?

Answer 3

Effects of a drug that is NOT therapeutic.

Question 4

What is bioavailability?

Answer 4

The concentration of a drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites to elicit a drug action.

Question 5

What are FIVE pharmacokinetic factors that determine the bioavailability (concentraion in blood free to bind) of drugs? DABIE

Answer 5

1. Drug administration
2. Absorption/distribution
3. Binding
4. Inactivation
5. Excretion

Question 6

Where can absorption and distribution take place (5)?

Answer 6

Membranes of oral cavity (PO), GI tract (PO), and peritoneum (supposites), and lungs (inhalation), skin (cream), and muscles (IM).

Question 7

Where are the 4 sites of excretion?

Answer 7

Lungs (exhale), intestines (BM), kidneys (urine), sweat glands (sweat)

Question 8

Where are 6 inactivation sites?

Answer 8

Brain, stomach, liver, intestine, kidneys, blood plasma

Question 9

What is first pass metabolism?

Answer 9

PO –> liver metabolizes some before it can circulate through the body

Question 10

What body part (where) is the primary target for PSYCHOactive medications?

Answer 10

Brain

Question 11

What 3 things is absorption dependent upon? (RDSi)

Answer 11

Route of administration
Drug concentration
Solubility/Ionization

Question 12

What kind of solubility must a drug have to allow molecules to pass the phospholipid bilayer of most cells?

Answer 12

lipid soluble

Question 13

What kind of LAZY diffusion does lipid soluble drugs use to move through cell membranes?

Answer 13

passive diffusion

Question 14

Where do NON-lipid soluble drugs move through the body? How (solubility or ionization)?

Answer 14

One body compartment to another via IONIZATION

Question 15

What are two “barriers” that distribution is limited by?

Answer 15

Blood-brain and placental

Question 16

Once the drug is absorbed by the blood and is circulating through the body, what kind of organs are higher concentrations found? Until when?

Answer 16

Hypervascular organs; until the drug gradually redistributes to all tissues in the body

Question 17

What is depot binding? (depot = storage, not actively using)

Answer 17

Binding of a drug to inactive sites

Question 18

If a drug rapidly binds to depots (inactive “storage”) prior to reaching the target site how is onset affected? How will this effect the effect of the drug?

Answer 18

Slows onset; reduced effects (drug bound to inactive site so decreased)

Question 19

If drugs are competing for a depot-binding site, what would you expect the blood drug level to be of the displayed drug? What could this cause?

Answer 19

higher than expected blood levels of displaced drug, possibly causing greater side effects, even toxicity

Question 20

If an unmetabolized drug is bound to a depot-binding site, will the drug remain in body longer or shorter, how does this effect it’s action?

Answer 20

Longer with a prolonged action

Question 21

What’s the therapeutic outcome when a drug is redistributed to less vascularized tissues and inactive sites? BAD DRUG, YOU ARE TERMINATED

Answer 21

termination of drug action

Question 22

When there is high binding to depot-binding sites (inactive) is there more or less free drug available? How does this appear in regards to dosing?

Answer 22

Less; people seem to need higher doses

Question 23

When there is low binding to depot-binding sites (inactive) is there more or less free drug available? How does this appear in the patient?

Answer 23

More; people seem to be more sensitive

Question 24

What is another word for biotransformation?

Answer 24

inactivation

Question 25

What is 1/2 life?

Answer 25

time required for removal of 50% of the drug

Question 26

How many 1/2 lives for elimination?

Answer 26

4.5

Question 27

The goal of medication management, in terms of plasma level, is to reach a _______ ________ (constant desired level for therapeutic period)

Answer 27

steady state

Question 28

What important, influential factor heavily influences drug metabolism & can cause significant drug interactions?

Answer 28

enzymes of the liver

Question 29

Enzymes are classified by their ______ ______ sequence and ________ that encode them.

Answer 29

amino acids and genes (number-letter combination)

Question 30

What is enzyme induction?

Answer 30

increase in a particular liver enzyme due to a psychoactive drug being used repeatedly

Question 31

What two enzymes does cigarette smoke increase (popular one and #1Atwo)? If these enzyme are increased then how might you dose a drug that is broken down by these enzymes?

Answer 31

CYP450 and CYP1A2; smokers may need higher doses of the drugs due to reduced effect

Question 32

What is enzyme inhibition?

Answer 32

drugs that directly inhibit the action of enzymes

Question 33

What does enzyme inhibition (one drug inhibits the action of the enzyme) reduce? What can this cause?

Answer 33

metabolism of other drugs that need that enzyme to be metabolized, causing an increased or prolonged effect which can cause toxicity

Question 34

What is the primary organ of excretion?

Answer 34

kidneys

Question 35

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 35

study of physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules w/target tissue that is responsible for the effects of a drug

Question 36

What is crucial for understanding actions and side of effects that will be produced by drugs?

Answer 36

what targets a drug acts on and where these targets are located

Question 37

What are receptors? Where are they located?

Answer 37

large protein molecules on cell surfaces or w/in cells that initial sites of action of biologically active agents (such as neurotransmitters)

Question 38

What is the goal of neurotransmission?

Answer 38

to enhance or reduce normal functioning of the cell and bring about clinically useful effect

Question 39

What are the two receptor characteristics?

Answer 39

agonism and antagonists

Question 40

What is an agonism?

Answer 40

molecules that bind to the receptor to initiate a cellular response

Question 41

What is an antagonist?

Answer 41

molecules that bind to the receptor protein that do not produce a cellular effect; they prevent an “active” ligand from binding (they block)

Question 42

What is up-regulation?

Answer 42

when receptor numbers increase

Question 43

What is down-regulation?

Answer 43

receptors are reduced in number

Question 44

What can cause a change in the number of receptors?

Answer 44

potency and drug tolerance

Question 45

What is potency?

Answer 45

amount of drug necessary to produce a specific effect

Question 46

What is drug tolerance?

Answer 46

diminished response after repeated exposure to that drug

Question 47

What are 5 significant characteristics of drug tolerance?

Answer 47

1. it’s reversible when drug is stopped
2. it’s dependent on dose and frequency of a drug and drug-taking environment
3. it can occur rapidly, after long periods of chronic use, or never
4. Not all effects of a drug show the same degree of tolerance
5. several different mechanisms explain multiple forms of tolerance

Question 48

What is pharmacogenetics?

Answer 48

study of genetic basis for variability in drug response

Question 49

What is the goal of pharmacogenetics?

Answer 49

identify genetic factors that confer susceptibility to specific side effects and to predict good or poor therapeutic response.