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Summer 2024 > 725 Test 1 > Flashcards

725 Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopharmacology?

A

Area of of pharmacology specializing in drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and behavior.

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2
Q

What is a therapeutic drug effect?

A

A drug-receptor interaction that produces a DESIRED physical or behavioral change.

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3
Q

What is a side effect?

A

Effects of a drug that is NOT therapeutic.

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4
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The concentration of a drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific target sites to elicit a drug action.

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5
Q

What are FIVE pharmacokinetic factors that determine the bioavailability (concentraion in blood free to bind) of drugs? DABIE

A
  1. Drug administration
  2. Absorption/distribution
  3. Binding
  4. Inactivation
  5. Excretion
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6
Q

Where can absorption and distribution take place (5)?

A

Membranes of oral cavity (PO), GI tract (PO), and peritoneum (supposites), and lungs (inhalation), skin (cream), and muscles (IM).

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7
Q

Where are the 4 sites of excretion?

A

Lungs (exhale), intestines (BM), kidneys (urine), sweat glands (sweat)

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8
Q

Where are 6 inactivation sites?

A

Brain, stomach, liver, intestine, kidneys, blood plasma

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9
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

PO –> liver metabolizes some before it can circulate through the body

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10
Q

What body part (where) is the primary target for PSYCHOactive medications?

A

Brain

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11
Q

What 3 things is absorption dependent upon? (RDSi)

A

Route of administration
Drug concentration
Solubility/Ionization

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12
Q

What kind of solubility must a drug have to allow molecules to pass the phospholipid bilayer of most cells?

A

lipid soluble

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13
Q

What kind of LAZY diffusion does lipid soluble drugs use to move through cell membranes?

A

passive diffusion

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14
Q

Where do NON-lipid soluble drugs move through the body? How (solubility or ionization)?

A

One body compartment to another via IONIZATION

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15
Q

What are two “barriers” that distribution is limited by?

A

Blood-brain and placental

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16
Q

Once the drug is absorbed by the blood and is circulating through the body, what kind of organs are higher concentrations found? Until when?

A

Hypervascular organs; until the drug gradually redistributes to all tissues in the body

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17
Q

What is depot binding? (depot = storage, not actively using)

A

Binding of a drug to inactive sites

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18
Q

If a drug rapidly binds to depots (inactive “storage”) prior to reaching the target site how is onset affected? How will this effect the effect of the drug?

A

Slows onset; reduced effects (drug bound to inactive site so decreased)

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19
Q

If drugs are competing for a depot-binding site, what would you expect the blood drug level to be of the displayed drug? What could this cause?

A

higher than expected blood levels of displaced drug, possibly causing greater side effects, even toxicity

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20
Q

If an unmetabolized drug is bound to a depot-binding site, will the drug remain in body longer or shorter, how does this effect it’s action?

A

Longer with a prolonged action

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21
Q

What’s the therapeutic outcome when a drug is redistributed to less vascularized tissues and inactive sites? BAD DRUG, YOU ARE TERMINATED

A

termination of drug action

22
Q

When there is high binding to depot-binding sites (inactive) is there more or less free drug available? How does this appear in regards to dosing?

A

Less; people seem to need higher doses

23
Q

When there is low binding to depot-binding sites (inactive) is there more or less free drug available? How does this appear in the patient?

A

More; people seem to be more sensitive

24
Q

What is another word for biotransformation?

A

inactivation

25
Q

What is 1/2 life?

A

time required for removal of 50% of the drug

26
Q

How many 1/2 lives for elimination?

A

4.5

27
Q

The goal of medication management, in terms of plasma level, is to reach a _______ ________ (constant desired level for therapeutic period)

A

steady state

28
Q

What important, influential factor heavily influences drug metabolism & can cause significant drug interactions?

A

enzymes of the liver

29
Q

Enzymes are classified by their ______ ______ sequence and ________ that encode them.

A

amino acids and genes (number-letter combination)

30
Q

What is enzyme induction?

A

increase in a particular liver enzyme due to a psychoactive drug being used repeatedly

31
Q

What two enzymes does cigarette smoke increase (popular one and #1Atwo)? If these enzyme are increased then how might you dose a drug that is broken down by these enzymes?

A

CYP450 and CYP1A2; smokers may need higher doses of the drugs due to reduced effect

32
Q

What is enzyme inhibition?

A

drugs that directly inhibit the action of enzymes

33
Q

What does enzyme inhibition (one drug inhibits the action of the enzyme) reduce? What can this cause?

A

metabolism of other drugs that need that enzyme to be metabolized, causing an increased or prolonged effect which can cause toxicity

34
Q

What is the primary organ of excretion?

A

kidneys

35
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

study of physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules w/target tissue that is responsible for the effects of a drug

36
Q

What is crucial for understanding actions and side of effects that will be produced by drugs?

A

what targets a drug acts on and where these targets are located

37
Q

What are receptors? Where are they located?

A

large protein molecules on cell surfaces or w/in cells that initial sites of action of biologically active agents (such as neurotransmitters)

38
Q

What is the goal of neurotransmission?

A

to enhance or reduce normal functioning of the cell and bring about clinically useful effect

39
Q

What are the two receptor characteristics?

A

agonism and antagonists

40
Q

What is an agonism?

A

molecules that bind to the receptor to initiate a cellular response

41
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

molecules that bind to the receptor protein that do not produce a cellular effect; they prevent an “active” ligand from binding (they block)

42
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

when receptor numbers increase

43
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

receptors are reduced in number

44
Q

What can cause a change in the number of receptors?

A

potency and drug tolerance

45
Q

What is potency?

A

amount of drug necessary to produce a specific effect

46
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

diminished response after repeated exposure to that drug

47
Q

What are 5 significant characteristics of drug tolerance?

A
  1. it’s reversible when drug is stopped
  2. it’s dependent on dose and frequency of a drug and drug-taking environment
  3. it can occur rapidly, after long periods of chronic use, or never
  4. Not all effects of a drug show the same degree of tolerance
  5. several different mechanisms explain multiple forms of tolerance
48
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

study of genetic basis for variability in drug response

49
Q

What is the goal of pharmacogenetics?

A

identify genetic factors that confer susceptibility to specific side effects and to predict good or poor therapeutic response.

50
Q
A

Summer 2024 (12 decks)

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