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Summer 2024 > 725 Quiz 2 > Flashcards

725 Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stressed induced _______________ damage the ______________ and the __________ and increases the synaptic connectivity in the __________________ .

A

glucocorticoids; hippocampus; PFC; amygdala

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2
Q

Decreased 5HT1A binding in the raphe nuclei is associated with what two mental DOs?

A

Panic & social anxiety

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3
Q

Stress induces a cyclical interaction of what three things that influence each other?

A

bodily response; ineffective behavior; upsetting thoughts

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4
Q

Patients with GAD have an enlarged and hyperactive __________ and too little inhibitory control by the ______ .

A

amygdala; PFC

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5
Q

GABA agonists increases ___________ which reduces anxiety symptoms.

A

inhibition

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6
Q

First line tx of GAD? Alternative tx?

A

SSRIs and SNRIs; buspirone, BDZs, pregabalin and gabapentin

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7
Q

Is there a genetic component to panic disorder? Also, what two brain areas are reduced in volume?

A

yes; amygdala and hippocampus

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8
Q

1st line tx of phobias?

A

behavior therapy, exposure therapy specifically

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8
Q

During a panic attack, _________ activity is increased in the _______ , _______________, and the ______ and there is a reduction in the ________ .

A

neural; amygdala, cingulate cortex, and the insula; PFC

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9
Q

Social anxiety is also known as social _________ .

A

phobia

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10
Q

In social anxiety DO, activity in the _____________ is ___________.

A

amygdala; increased

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11
Q

What are the medication treatments for social anxiety DO? The non-medication tx?

A

SSRIs, SNRIs, and CBT

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12
Q

In PTSD there can be a __________ of emotional responses for many years after the original event.

A

numbing

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13
Q

Tx for nightmare r/t PTSD; what is the precaution/SE and why?

A

Prazosin (Minipress); orthostatic hypotension due to interfering w/sympathetic nervous system with inhibition of vasoconstriction of the peripheral vessels

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14
Q

Minipress is an _____________ antagonist which blocks ________ ___________, thus reducing ________ . It basically blocks an overactive _____________ __________ system.

A

alpha -1; NE receptors; NE; sympathetic nervous

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15
Q

Minipress helps reduce the ____________ and __________ of _____________ .

A

frequency and severity; nightmares

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16
Q

Name three short-acting BDZs (the Ox rides his Tri-cycle in Mid-line for hours), what are they typically used for and what is there half-life range?

A

triazolam; oxazepam; midazolam; sedation in ICU; 1-12 hours

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17
Q

Name four intermediate-acting BDZs (LACT) and what is their half-life range?

A

lorazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, and temazepam (Restoril); 12-24 hours

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18
Q

Name two long-acting BDZs (DC) and there half-life?

A

diazepam; chlordiazepoxide; 24 hours

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19
Q

Buspirone is a ________ _________ __________ at the __________ receptor.

A

serotonin partial agonist; 5HT1A

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20
Q

Antihistamines are sedating and are used to treat ___________ and ____________ .

A

anxiety and insomnia;

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21
Q

Antihistamines help induce sleep but can decrease the quality of the _______ ___________ .

A

sleep cycle

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22
Q

Hydroxyzine is a first generation antihistamine, and is selective for the ____ receptor and is a weak ___________ .

A

H1; anticholinergic

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23
Q

Gabapentin works as an ___________ at __________-_____ ___________ channels, leading to ____________ __________ firing and acts _____________ .

A

inhibitor at voltage-gated calcium channels; decreased neuronal firing; quickly

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24
Q

Pregabalin is similar to gabapentin but it reaches __________ faster and is more ______________ .

A

peak; bioavailable

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25
Q

Propranolol is a beta blocker and should not be rx’d to people with ___________ ; when taken prn, it should be given ___________ before a performance.

A

asthma; 60 minutes

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26
Q

Per the __________ theory, positive symptoms are the result of ___________ in the ______________ dopamine pathway.

A

Dopamine; overactivity; mesolimbic

27
Q

The cognitive impairments and negative symptoms of schizophrenia are suggested to be caused by a dysfunction in what pathway?

A

mesocortical pathway

28
Q

FGA are proposed to (mechanism of action)?

A

block D2 receptors

29
Q

Antagonism of D2 receptors in this pathway is associated with increased risk of EPS.

A

Nigrostriatal pathway

30
Q

D2 blockage increases prolactin levels by reducing the associated D2 effect of the prolactin-inhibiting factor thus promoting release in the pituitary gland by what pathway?

A

Tuberoinfundibular pathway

31
Q

Mesolimbic pathway includes what two structures?

A

VTA and nucleus accumbens

32
Q

The nigrostriatal includes what two structures?

A

substantia nigra and basal ganglia

33
Q

The mesocortical pathway includes what two structures?

A

VTA and PFC

34
Q

Name three 1st generation antipsychotics and their potency (HFC).

A

haloperidol (high), fluphenazine (Prolixin, high), chlorpromazine (Thorazine, low)

35
Q

Olanzapine two major SEs and what can be used for the for one of the side effects?

A

sedation and weight gain; samidorphan (like naltrexone) reduces cravings

36
Q

Quetiapine is highly ____________ and has strong __________ properties which make it helpful for _________ DOs.

A

sedating; serotonergic; mood

37
Q

Clozapine is used for tx-resistant __________ and improves __________ symptoms but has the dangerous SE of _____________ and the ________ must be monitored closely.

A

schizophrenia; negative; agranulocytosis; CBC/ANC

38
Q

Risperidone is _________ sedating than some other antipsychotics but has a much higher rate of ____________ and ___________ .

A

less; hyperprolactinemia and gynecomastia

39
Q

Paliperidone (Invega) has the same primary active metabolite as _____________; it has an injection form that can be given _________, _________, or __________ a year.

A

risperidone; monthly, quarterly, twice

40
Q

Ziprasidone (Geodon) has a risk of _______ ___________.

A

QTc prolongation

41
Q

Lurasidone must be taken with >350 calories of food and is helpful in treating BPAD ______________ .

A

depression

42
Q

IIoperidone (Fanapt) is only __________ effective and can cause ___________ ______________ .

A

mildly; orthostatic hypotension

43
Q

Aripiprazole is approved for adjunctive tx of ______ and _________ DO.

A

MDD; BPAD

44
Q

Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) is approved for adjunctive tx of ____ and ______________ .

A

MDD; schizophrenia

45
Q

Cariprazine (VraylarP is approved for adjunctive tx of ________ , ______, and BPAD _________ and ________ episodes.

A

MDD, schizophrenia, depression and mixed

46
Q

Because DA plays a role in attention and concentration…

A

people taking antipsychotics report their ability to focus is IMPAIRED

47
Q

Dopamine antagonists are known to cause what serious SE?

A

EPS

48
Q

Antipsychotics cause ____________ and interact with other receptors: (5)

A

5HT2a, 5HT2c; muscarinic AcH, a1 NE, H1

49
Q

Four types of EPS? PAAT

A

parkinsonism, acute dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia

50
Q

Acute dystonia causes sustained and painful involuntary ___________ and often involves the __________ and ________ .

A

contractions; face and neck

51
Q

Akathisia causes a constant feeling of _______________ and/or ____________ of muscles.

A

restlessness; jitteriness

52
Q

Parkinsonism causes _____________, ___________, __________, postural ___________, and a ____________ gait.

A

bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, postural instability, shuffling gait

53
Q

What does bradykinesia looks like?

A

decreased movements and/or trouble initiating movements

54
Q

Treatment for acute dystonia?

A

anticholinergics (Benadryl or benzatropine which is Cogentin)

55
Q

Treatment for Akathisia?

A

Lowering or stopping med and/or starting Inderal, a benzodiazepine, or an anticholinergic

56
Q

Treatment for parkinsonism?

A

Changing med to less potent or stopping antipsychotics completely

57
Q

What does tardive dyskinesia look like?

A

constant involuntary rhythmic movements that is often irreversible

58
Q

What new medications can treat TD with reduced severity?

A

Ingrezza and Austedo

59
Q

What are the symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome? (FEVER)

A

fever, encephalopathy, VS instability, elevated WBC/CPK, and rigidity

60
Q

What are the tx’s for neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

stop med, cooling measures, and use of dantrolene or bromocriptine

61
Q

What does dantrolene do and how?

A

blocks postsynaptic AcH receptors and lessens excitation-contraction of muscles

62
Q

What does bromocriptine do and how?

A

D2 agonist; helps overcome D2 blockade

63
Q

The amygdala forms __________ memories and enhances _____ _____ memory consolidation in the ___________.

A

emotional; long term; hippocampus

64
Q

_____ added by cortisol mediates the formation and reconsolidation of traumatic memories.

A

NE

65
Q

Stress can increase phasic burst _______ of select cells in the ____ causing increased release of ___ .

A

firing; VTA; DA

Summer 2024 (12 decks)

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