725 Neurotransmitters

Question 1

Dopamine’s 3 primary functions

Answer 1

reward pathway (motivation), pleasure, cognition (attention), voluntary movement

Question 2

Two primary locations of dopamine

Answer 2

substantial nigra and VTA (ventral tegmental area)

Question 3

What tract does the substantial nigra form and what is controlled by dopamine using this tract?

Answer 3

nigrostriatal tract; motor control

Question 4

If the nigrostriatal tract is injured what disorder occurs?

Answer 4

Parkinson’s

Question 5

What two systems come from the VTA?

Answer 5

mesocortical and mesolimbic

Question 6

Cocaine blocks reuptake in what dopamine system?

Answer 6

mesolimbic

Question 7

Dopamine is ___________ in schizophrenia.

Answer 7

elevated

Question 8

Dopamine is ____________ in ADHD.

Answer 8

decreased

Question 9

Decreased dopamine causes brain ____, mood _____, and muscle _______.

Answer 9

brain fog, mood swings, and muscle spasms

Question 10

Increased dopamine causes __________, difficulty with ________ control, _________, insomnia/excessive ________, and ______________.

Answer 10

anxiety/aggression, difficulty with impulse control, euphoria, insomnia/excessive energy, and hallucinations.

Question 11

Dopamine imbalance is implicated in what two disorders?

Answer 11

SUD and schizophrenia

Question 12

DOPAMINE stands for what effects?

Answer 12

Drug addiction
Outcomes (motivation/goals)
Psychosis (w/too much)
Attention (determines what gets attention)
Movement (Parkinson’s)
Inhibition of prolactin
Nausea
Energy

Question 13

What dopamine pathway is responsible for negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 13

mesocortical

Question 14

Catecholamine breakdown is catalyzed by what, from inside the cells?

Answer 14

MAO

Question 15

If you block dopamine (reduce) you ______ positive symptoms via the _______________ pathway.

Answer 15

block; mesolimbic

Question 16

Where is NE primarily located?

Answer 16

locus ceouleus

Question 17

What is the general name of the receptors involved with NE?

Answer 17

adrenergic

Question 18

What are the adrenergic receptors for NE?

Answer 18

A1, A2, B1, B2

Question 19

What does NE mediate? What does it help control?

Answer 19

fight or flight; alertness/arousal and circadian rhythms

Question 20

What is NE’s neurotransporter?

Answer 20

VMAT

Question 21

If VMAT is inhibited (irreversible) and what two disorders can occur?

Answer 21

Huntington’s and tardive dyskinesia

Question 22

What is NE made from?

Answer 22

dopamine and precursor tyrosine

Question 23

All the adrenergic receptors for NE are arousal/wakeful except which one?

Answer 23

A2

Question 24

Low NE associated with?

Answer 24

depression and ADHD

Question 25

What is serotonin associated with/function?

Answer 25

well being/happiness, intestinal movement, mood regulation, sleep, muscle control

Question 26

SEs of reuptake of serotonin (increased levels) (SPAROW)

Answer 26

sleep and energy
platelet dysfunction
abdominal upset
reproductive effects (sexual SEs)
OD (serotonin syndrome)
Weight gain

Question 27

Serotonin is synthesized by what?

Answer 27

tryptophan (from protein)

Question 28

Primary location of serotonin in the brain?

Answer 28

raphe nuclei

Question 29

What system is acetylcholine used by?

Answer 29

parasympathetic

Question 30

What are the two receptors for Ach?

Answer 30

nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 31

How is Ach deactivated?

Answer 31

by enzyme

Question 32

When Ach binds to nicotinic receptors in the brain what increases? and when binds to nicotinic receptors in the periphery what occurs?

Answer 32

increase in cognitive processes; contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 33

When Ach binds to muscarinic receptors what is activated?

Answer 33

parasympathetic system

Question 34

Glutamate is found in ______ neurons and glial cells.

Answer 34

all

Question 35

What is the precursor of glutamate?

Answer 35

glutamine

Question 36

What plays a role in reuptake and release of glutamate?

Answer 36

astrocytes

Question 37

Glutamate is involved in what?

Answer 37

synaptic plasticity
learning/memory
sensory response
muscle control

Question 38

Glutamate can bind to ______ receptors which increase functioning; examples of drugs that can effect and increase

Answer 38

NMDA; NO, ETOH, hallucinogens

Question 39

What receptor can propagate seizures if glutamate is bound to? What drugs can block this and help?

Answer 39

AMPA; lamotrigine and topiramate

Question 40

GABA decreases excitation of the ______ synaptic neuron.

Answer 40

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