725 Neurotransmitters Flashcards
Dopamine’s 3 primary functions
reward pathway (motivation), pleasure, cognition (attention), voluntary movement
Two primary locations of dopamine
substantial nigra and VTA (ventral tegmental area)
What tract does the substantial nigra form and what is controlled by dopamine using this tract?
nigrostriatal tract; motor control
If the nigrostriatal tract is injured what disorder occurs?
Parkinson’s
What two systems come from the VTA?
mesocortical and mesolimbic
Cocaine blocks reuptake in what dopamine system?
mesolimbic
Dopamine is ___________ in schizophrenia.
elevated
Dopamine is ____________ in ADHD.
decreased
Decreased dopamine causes brain ____, mood _____, and muscle _______.
brain fog, mood swings, and muscle spasms
Increased dopamine causes __________, difficulty with ________ control, _________, insomnia/excessive ________, and ______________.
anxiety/aggression, difficulty with impulse control, euphoria, insomnia/excessive energy, and hallucinations.
Dopamine imbalance is implicated in what two disorders?
SUD and schizophrenia
DOPAMINE stands for what effects?
Drug addiction
Outcomes (motivation/goals)
Psychosis (w/too much)
Attention (determines what gets attention)
Movement (Parkinson’s)
Inhibition of prolactin
Nausea
Energy
What dopamine pathway is responsible for negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
mesocortical
Catecholamine breakdown is catalyzed by what, from inside the cells?
MAO
If you block dopamine (reduce) you ______ positive symptoms via the _______________ pathway.
block; mesolimbic
Where is NE primarily located?
locus ceouleus
What is the general name of the receptors involved with NE?
adrenergic
What are the adrenergic receptors for NE?
A1, A2, B1, B2
What does NE mediate? What does it help control?
fight or flight; alertness/arousal and circadian rhythms
What is NE’s neurotransporter?
VMAT
If VMAT is inhibited (irreversible) and what two disorders can occur?
Huntington’s and tardive dyskinesia
What is NE made from?
dopamine and precursor tyrosine
All the adrenergic receptors for NE are arousal/wakeful except which one?
A2
Low NE associated with?
depression and ADHD
What is serotonin associated with/function?
well being/happiness, intestinal movement, mood regulation, sleep, muscle control
SEs of reuptake of serotonin (increased levels) (SPAROW)
sleep and energy
platelet dysfunction
abdominal upset
reproductive effects (sexual SEs)
OD (serotonin syndrome)
Weight gain
Serotonin is synthesized by what?
tryptophan (from protein)
Primary location of serotonin in the brain?
raphe nuclei
What system is acetylcholine used by?
parasympathetic
What are the two receptors for Ach?
nicotinic and muscarinic
How is Ach deactivated?
by enzyme
When Ach binds to nicotinic receptors in the brain what increases? and when binds to nicotinic receptors in the periphery what occurs?
increase in cognitive processes; contraction of skeletal muscles
When Ach binds to muscarinic receptors what is activated?
parasympathetic system
Glutamate is found in ______ neurons and glial cells.
all
What is the precursor of glutamate?
glutamine
What plays a role in reuptake and release of glutamate?
astrocytes
Glutamate is involved in what?
synaptic plasticity
learning/memory
sensory response
muscle control
Glutamate can bind to ______ receptors which increase functioning; examples of drugs that can effect and increase
NMDA; NO, ETOH, hallucinogens
What receptor can propagate seizures if glutamate is bound to? What drugs can block this and help?
AMPA; lamotrigine and topiramate
GABA decreases excitation of the ______ synaptic neuron.
post
