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Summer 2024 > 725 Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

725 Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Dopamine’s 3 primary functions

A

reward pathway (motivation), pleasure, cognition (attention), voluntary movement

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2
Q

Two primary locations of dopamine

A

substantial nigra and VTA (ventral tegmental area)

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3
Q

What tract does the substantial nigra form and what is controlled by dopamine using this tract?

A

nigrostriatal tract; motor control

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4
Q

If the nigrostriatal tract is injured what disorder occurs?

A

Parkinson’s

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5
Q

What two systems come from the VTA?

A

mesocortical and mesolimbic

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6
Q

Cocaine blocks reuptake in what dopamine system?

A

mesolimbic

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7
Q

Dopamine is ___________ in schizophrenia.

A

elevated

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8
Q

Dopamine is ____________ in ADHD.

A

decreased

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9
Q

Decreased dopamine causes brain ____, mood _____, and muscle _______.

A

brain fog, mood swings, and muscle spasms

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10
Q

Increased dopamine causes __________, difficulty with ________ control, _________, insomnia/excessive ________, and ______________.

A

anxiety/aggression, difficulty with impulse control, euphoria, insomnia/excessive energy, and hallucinations.

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11
Q

Dopamine imbalance is implicated in what two disorders?

A

SUD and schizophrenia

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12
Q

DOPAMINE stands for what effects?

A

Drug addiction
Outcomes (motivation/goals)
Psychosis (w/too much)
Attention (determines what gets attention)
Movement (Parkinson’s)
Inhibition of prolactin
Nausea
Energy

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13
Q

What dopamine pathway is responsible for negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

mesocortical

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14
Q

Catecholamine breakdown is catalyzed by what, from inside the cells?

A

MAO

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15
Q

If you block dopamine (reduce) you ______ positive symptoms via the _______________ pathway.

A

block; mesolimbic

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16
Q

Where is NE primarily located?

A

locus ceouleus

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17
Q

What is the general name of the receptors involved with NE?

A

adrenergic

18
Q

What are the adrenergic receptors for NE?

A

A1, A2, B1, B2

19
Q

What does NE mediate? What does it help control?

A

fight or flight; alertness/arousal and circadian rhythms

20
Q

What is NE’s neurotransporter?

A

VMAT

21
Q

If VMAT is inhibited (irreversible) and what two disorders can occur?

A

Huntington’s and tardive dyskinesia

22
Q

What is NE made from?

A

dopamine and precursor tyrosine

23
Q

All the adrenergic receptors for NE are arousal/wakeful except which one?

A

A2

24
Q

Low NE associated with?

A

depression and ADHD

25
Q

What is serotonin associated with/function?

A

well being/happiness, intestinal movement, mood regulation, sleep, muscle control

26
Q

SEs of reuptake of serotonin (increased levels) (SPAROW)

A

sleep and energy
platelet dysfunction
abdominal upset
reproductive effects (sexual SEs)
OD (serotonin syndrome)
Weight gain

27
Q

Serotonin is synthesized by what?

A

tryptophan (from protein)

28
Q

Primary location of serotonin in the brain?

A

raphe nuclei

29
Q

What system is acetylcholine used by?

A

parasympathetic

30
Q

What are the two receptors for Ach?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

31
Q

How is Ach deactivated?

A

by enzyme

32
Q

When Ach binds to nicotinic receptors in the brain what increases? and when binds to nicotinic receptors in the periphery what occurs?

A

increase in cognitive processes; contraction of skeletal muscles

33
Q

When Ach binds to muscarinic receptors what is activated?

A

parasympathetic system

34
Q

Glutamate is found in ______ neurons and glial cells.

A

all

35
Q

What is the precursor of glutamate?

A

glutamine

36
Q

What plays a role in reuptake and release of glutamate?

A

astrocytes

37
Q

Glutamate is involved in what?

A

synaptic plasticity
learning/memory
sensory response
muscle control

38
Q

Glutamate can bind to ______ receptors which increase functioning; examples of drugs that can effect and increase

A

NMDA; NO, ETOH, hallucinogens

39
Q

What receptor can propagate seizures if glutamate is bound to? What drugs can block this and help?

A

AMPA; lamotrigine and topiramate

40
Q

GABA decreases excitation of the ______ synaptic neuron.

A

post

41
Q
A

Summer 2024 (12 decks)

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