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FOH Final > 7.2 Basic Lab Test > Flashcards

7.2 Basic Lab Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a CMP

A

1) Glucose
2) Sodium
3) Potassium
4) Calcium
5) Chloride
6) CO2
7) Creatinine
8) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
9) Albumin
10) Total Protein
11) Total Bilirubin
12) Alkaline Phosphate (ALP)
13) Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
14) Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)

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2
Q

What does CMP stand for?

A

Complete Metabolic Panal/Profile

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3
Q

Define Glucose

A
  • Is a carbohydrate and is a major source of fuel for cells
  • Measuring glucose in the blood determines if a patient is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic
  • Fasting hyperglycemia is associated with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus
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4
Q

What is a normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?

A

70-99 mg/dL

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5
Q

Define Sodium

A
  • Electrolyte
  • Regulation of plasma volume
  • Generation of nerve impulses
  • Generation of muscle contractions
  • Facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine
  • Hypernatremia and hyponatremia represent sodium imbalances (usually more about water balance)
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6
Q

What is the normal plasma sodium level?

A

136-146 mEq/L

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7
Q

Define Potassium

A
  • Electrolyte
  • Generation of nerve imposes
  • Generation of muscle contractions
  • Acid Base Balance
  • Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
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8
Q

What is the normal plasma potassium level?

A

3.5-5.1 mEq/L

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9
Q

Define Calcium

A
  • Electrolyte
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cardiac function
  • Enzyme activation
  • Exocytosis of neurotransmitters
  • Blood clotting
  • Normal bone and tooth architecture
  • Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia
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10
Q

What is the normal plasma calcium level?

A

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

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11
Q

Define Chloride

A
  • Electrolyte
  • Acid base Balance
  • Facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)
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12
Q

What is the normal plasma chloride level?

A

95-105 mEq/L

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13
Q

Define Creatinine

A
  • Creatinine is a waste product made in skeletal muscle and filtered by the kidneys. when the kidneys fail to filter creatinine, the level of creatinine in the blood increases.
  • First sign of kidney failure if high level
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14
Q

What are the normal plasma levels of Creatinine?

A

Male: 0.9-1.3 mg/dL
Female: 0.6-1.1 mg/dL

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15
Q

Define Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

A
  • Blood urea nitrogen is a measure of the amount of urea in the blood. Urea is a wast product made in the lover from amino acid metabolism and ammonia.
  • Filtered by the kidneys
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16
Q

What are the normal plasma levels of BUN?

A

6-20 mg/dL

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17
Q

Define Albumin/Total protein

A
  • Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver. It is used to determine nutritional status or to screen for certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases.
  • Low albumin signal of possible malnourished
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18
Q

Functions of Albumin

A

1) Maintenance of oncotic pressure
2) Transportation of thyroid hormone, fat-soluble hormones, free fatty acids, unconjugated bilirubin, and many drugs.
3) Competitively binds to Ca++
4) Buffers pH

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19
Q

Define Total Bilirubin

A

-Bilirubin is a hydrophobic waste product from the metabolism of red blood cells. RBC’s generally live for 90-120 days, after which they begin to structurally deteriorate as they circulate in the bloodstream.

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20
Q

What three organs are responsible for RBC cleanup?

A

-Three main organs are responsible for RBC clean up, the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. RBCs are degraded and the hemoglobin is made into bilirubin, and then it is all sent tot he liver.

21
Q

What are the 3 aminotransferases (transaminases)?

A

1) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
2) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
3) Alkaline phosphate (ALP)

22
Q

What is alanine aminotransferase (ALT)?

A

An enzyme mainly found in the liver involved in amino acid catabolism

23
Q

What is aspartate aminotransferase(AST)?

A

An enzyme found in the liver and a few other places particularly the heart and skeletal muscles, also involved in amino acid catabolism.

24
Q

What is alkaline phosphate (ALP)

A

An enzyme related to the bile ducts; often increased when they are blocked or inflamed; when this occurs, the ALP can overflow or regurgitate like a backed up sewer and seep out of the liver and into the blood stream.

25
Q

Where are two other places ALP is found?

A

Bone and Placenta

26
Q

What is something else that can show an increased ALT and AST, other than liver failure?

A

Rapid muscle breakdown

27
Q

What is carbon Dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide is a waste product from aerobic metabolism.

28
Q

What is included in the lipid screening of the CMP?

A

1) Total cholesterol
2) High density lipoprotein cholesterol
3) Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
4) Triglycerides
5) May also include non-HDL, VLDL or cholesterol/HDL ratio.

29
Q

What is one of the main reasons for a lipid screen?

A

Exam for risk of coronary artery disease

30
Q

Which part of the lipid screen is effected most by not fasting prior to lab draw?

A

Triglycerides

31
Q

Which is considered the good and bad lipoprotein?

A

LDL- Bad

HDL- Good

32
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hyperglycemia?

A

polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss

33
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hypoglycemia

A

Tremor, palpitations, anxiety, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes

34
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hypernatremia?

A

Lethargy, weakness, irritability, seizure

35
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hyponatremia?

A

Nausea, malaise, headache, lethargy, and seizures

36
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hyperkalemia?

A

Muscle weakness, cardiac conduction abnormalities, and cardiac arrhythmias

37
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hypokalemia?

A

Muscle weakness, rhabdomyolysis, cardiac arrhythmias

38
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hypercalcemia?

A

Nephrolithiasis, nausea, vomiting, bone pain, confusion

39
Q

What is the clinical significance of Hypocalcemia?

A

Muscle twitching, tetany, cardiac arrhythmias, papilledema

40
Q

What two labs can suggest kidney dysfunction or lack of filtration?

A

Elevated BUN and creatinine

41
Q

What is the main clinical sign of increased Bilirubin?

A

Jaundice

42
Q

What is the clinical significance of hypercapnia?

A

Normally triggers a reflex which increases breathing an acess to oxygen, can cause SIDS

43
Q

What are the risk factors for hyperlipidemia?

A
  • Framingham 10-year risk of general cardiovascular disease in men
  • Looks at:
    1) Age
    2) Systolic BP
    3) Total Cholesterol
    4) HDL cholesterol
    5) High Blood Pressure
    6) Smoking
    7) Diabetes
44
Q

What is the normal Cholesterol serum level?

A

<200 mg/dL

45
Q

What is the normal Triglyceride serum level?

A

<150 mg/dL

46
Q

What is the normal HDL cholesterol serum level?

A

> 39 mg/DL

47
Q

What is the normal LDL cholesterol serum level?

A

<130 mg/dL

48
Q

List the component of a urinalysis?

A

1) pH
2) Specific gravity
3) Leukocytes
4) Nitrites
5) Protein
6) Bilirubin
7) Ketones
8) Blood
9) Glucose
10) Microscopic examination of the urine sediment

49
Q

What are the reference intervals or normal range commonly defined as?

A

The range of values into which 95% of non diseased individuals will fall, this definition implies that 5% of non diseased in 5% of non diseased individuals can have laboratory results outside the reference range.

FOH Final (32 decks)

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