Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FOH Final > 5.2 - Intro to Infectious Disease > Flashcards

5.2 - Intro to Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

Illness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic product that results from transmission of that agent or its product from an infected person, animal or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant of animal host vector or inanimate environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differentiate between infectious agents

A

Prions: only a protein, no nucleic acid, non-living

Viruses: RNA/DNA, protein coat and maybe lipid bilayer/envelope, non-living

Bacteria: prokaryotic single cell living organism. No organelles, nucleus or nuclear envelope

Fungi: eukaryotic, exists as molds or yeasts

Parasites:

Protozoans: eukaryotic, unicellular parasites
Helminthes: multicellular eukaryotic parasites
Ectoparasites: lice, usually arthropods that live on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Obligate pathogens

A

can cause disease in virtually any susceptible host including normal, health hosts with intact immune systems. Known as true pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Potentially infectious agents that rarely cause disease in individuals with healthy immune systems
Usually cause disease in people with compromised immune systems due to age, genetic defects, medical procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Commensalism: shelter and food

Mutualism: reciprocal benefit

Parasitism: unilateral benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Koch’s postulates?

A

Organism must be isolated from every patient with the disease

Organism must be isolated free from all other organisms and grown in pure culture in vitro

Pure organism must cause the disease in a healthy, susceptible animal

Organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

Reservoir: where the microbe in normally before infecting a susceptible persion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you break the chain of infection?

A

Prevention and control measure for human reservoirs
Diagnosis and treatment, screening, isolation and reporting

Prevention and control measures for animal reservoir

Vaccination, treatment and euthanasia
Prevention measures of susceptible hosts

Vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, maintain a healthy lifestyle and limiting exposure to reservoir of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Natural history of infection

A 
Incubation period (no signs or symptoms)
Prodromal period (vague, general symptoms)

Illness (most severe signs and symptoms)

Decline (declining signs and symptoms)

Convalescence (no signs or symptoms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Six basic processes of microbial pathogenesis

A

Microbial encounter with and entry into the host

Microbial adherence: a potential pathogen must anchor itself to a tissue or tissue factor using adhesins, unless directly inoculated into the bloodstream

HIV uses viral and cellular proteins

Bacteria also use adhesins

Microbial growth after entry

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Must generate new progeny inside a host cell
Avoidance of innate host defenses

Tissue invasion and tropism

Tissue damage and disease

Transmission to new hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What issues arise with Koch postulates?

A

What if the pathogen is found in healthy asymptomatic patients?

What if multiple pathogens cause the same disease?

What if the pathogen cannot be cultured?

What if there is no good animal model?

What if the pathogen does not cause disease in all subjects?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a zoonosis?

A

A disease that rises from an animal vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a formit?

A

Bacteria that can be transmited via a nonliving surface in the enviroment.

Example: doorknob, water fountain, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are exits from the chain of infection?

A

Exits from human reservoir

 Exit: can be from a human or non-human reservior

  Exit from non-human reservior: Pets, insects, animals, food, inanimate object
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three types of transmission?

A

Direct, indirect, and vertical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are direct methods of transmission?

A

​Direct modes of transmission: direct physical contact with blood or body fluids

​​Person to person transmission. Touching, respiratory droplets, sexual intercourse, talking, or sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are examples of vertical transmission?

A

Vertical transmission: mother to infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are examples of indirect transmission?

A

Indirect methods of transmission: infectious agents are transmitted to new hosts through intermediates

Airborne, vehicle-borne, vector-borne, zoonotic

19
Q

What are examples of infectious factors?

A

Infectiousness factors:

Susceptibility of the population

Infectiousness of the infected person

Infectious dose

Environment: type of contacts between infectious and susceptible individuals and number of contacts.

20
Q

What are examples of pathogen entry routes?

A

Entry:

​Gastrointestinal tract

Genital tract

Skin/mucous membrane

Respiratory tract

Trans placental/blood

Susceptible host Infectious agent

21
Q

What are the 6 main risk factors for infectious diseases?

A

Increased exposure

Poor personal hygiene

Inadequate sewage treatment

Poor control of reservoirs

Unprotected sex with multiple partners

Injected drug use

22
Q

What are example of times of low levels of immunity?

A

HIV/AIDS

Immature Immune System

Compromised immunity (advanced age, medicines, disease)

Unvaccinated

Malnourished

Pregnancy

23
Q

What is a viral immunomodulartory protiens?

A

Large DNA-containing viruses encode a plethora of gene products that are homologous to cellular proteins and key for their success in nature. This is due to the viruses co-evolution with humans and thus they have captured human cellular genes and duplicate them thus makeing these protiens capable of mimicking or interfering with the original host funtion and since they look like host protiens the immune system ignores them.

24
Q

What is tropism?

A

The specificity of a virus for a particular host tissuem determined in part by the interaction of viral surface structures with host cell surface receptors.

25
Q

What is an example of cellular tropism?

A

HIV normally infects macrophages but not neurons.

26
Q

What is an example if tissue tropisim?

A

Influenza virus normally infects lung tissue but not brain tissue

27
Q

What is an example of Host Tropism?

A

Myxoma virus normally infects rabbits but not humans.

28
Q

What are activities that increase the exposure to infectious agents?

A

Population movements, urbinization, long distance travel, natural disasters, global climate change, and new technologies.

29
Q

What are activities that increase susceptibility to infectious agents?

A

Microbial adaptation, poverty/social inequality, war/famine, natural disasters, global climate change, and opting out of vaccinations.

30
Q

What is prevalence in relation to disease in a population?

A

Includes both new cases and those who contracted the disease in the past and are still surviving.

A measure of prevalence is preferred if the focus is on the overall number of cases surviving in the population.

31
Q

What is incidence in relation to disease in a population?

A

Tells us about a change in status from non-disease to disease, thus being limited to new cases.

Is favored if the rapidity with which new disease is occuring in the population of interest.

32
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Present in a widespread region or worldwide

33
Q

Which has a better chance of transmission a more or less virulent virus?

A

Less virulent have a better ability for transmission because the host lives longer and is more likely to move about and contact other hosts.

34
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Present at a higher level that usually found in a community or population.

Not worldwide but a large area.

35
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

Suddely present in a distinct population (localized)

36
Q

What is endemic?

A

Present in a population at a fairly constat level (steady to a certain level)

37
Q

What does it mean if a disease is seasonal?

A

Incidence peaks during a specific time of year

38
Q

What does it mean if a disease is eliminated?

A

No longer circulating in a given geographical region, control measures still necessary

39
Q

What does it mean if a disease is eradicated?

A

Permanently eliminated from circulation worldwide, controls measures no longer necessary.

40
Q

What does it meain if by: Emerging infectious disease?

A

Previously unknown or undetected infectious agents.

41
Q

What does it mean by: Reemerging infectious disease?

A

Known pathogens who incidence had decreased in the past but has reapperared.

42
Q

What is a Deliberating emerging infectious disease?

A

Agents with potential to be used for bioterrorism

43
Q

What is required for a pathogen to become established?

A

A susceptible population must be exposed and the agent must be able to be transmitted efficiently.

44
Q

What are examples of infectious agents?

A

prions, viruses, bacteria, parasites (endo/exo), fungi, protozoans, and helminthes.

FOH Final (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions