Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FOH Final > 6.13 Cell Adaptations > Flashcards

6.13 Cell Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cellular Adaptation

A

Prolonged exposure of cells to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli, which evokes various changes at the level of individual cells, tissues or whole organs. Once the cause is removed, most cells that have adapted to chronic stimulation revert to normalcy once again.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Atrophy?

A

Decrease in the size of tissue organ or the entire body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a physiologic example of atrophy?

A

Thymus undergoing involution. Ovaries, uterus, and breasts after menopause. The atrophic bones and muscles in the elderly become thin and prone to fracture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a pathologic example of atrophy?

A
  • Best example Alzheimer’s, frontal brain shrinks.

- Ischemic organs are typically small, such as kidneys involved with atherosclerosis, testicular atrophy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of tissues or organs due to enlargement of individual cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

An adaptive increase in the number of cells that can cause enlargement of tissues or organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Examples of Hyperplasia

A
  • Endometrial hyperplasia due to estrogens.

- Hyperplastic polyps of the colon or stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Metaplasia?

A

An adaptive change of one cell type for another to suit the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Dysplasia?

A
  • Disordered growth of tissues resulting from chronic irritation or infection.
  • Precancerous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Best Example of Dysplasia

A

The best example is detection of cervical dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN) based on PAP smears.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Anaplasia?

A
  • Undifferentiated and uncontrolled growth of cells.

- Hallmark of malignant transformations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are other names for Anaplasia?

A
  • Malignancy
  • Carcinoma
  • Cancer
  • Neoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an example of Physiologic Hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of skeletal muscles in body builders due to weights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an example of Pathologic hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy of the heart that occurs as an adaptation to increased workload. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricular muscle is typically seen in hypertension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an example of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

A
  • May occur together under a variety of conditions:
  • Physiologic hypertrophy of the uterine smooth muscle cells during pregnancy is also accompanied by hyperplasia.
  • Hyperplastic prostate, BPH increase both the size and number of glands and stroma.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of metaplasia?

A
  • Squamous metaplasia of the bronchial epithelium due to smoking.
  • Gastric or glandular metaplasia or GE junction in Barrett Esophagus.
17
Q

What is Dysplastic vs anaplastic tissue?

A

Dysplastic-precancerous

Anaplastic- Cancer

18
Q

What are the microscopic hallmarks of anaplasia

A

1) The cells and the nuclei display marked cellular pleomorphism.
2) The nuclei are irregular and hyper chromatic.
3) high N/C ratio
4) arge nucleoli present in nucleus.
5) Large number of abnormal mitotic figures

19
Q

What is reversible cell damage?

A
  • Short lived or mild
  • Cellular swelling or hydropic degeneration.
  • No damage to nucleous
20
Q

What is the best example of reversible cell damage?

A

Hypoxia causes dysfunction of the ATP driven Na/K pumps altering the permeability. once ATP function is restored the Na+ and the water are pimped out of the cell.

21
Q

What is irreversible cell damage?

A
  • If acute stress to which a cell must react exceed its ability to adapt the resulting changes in structure and function lead to the death of a cell.
  • Changes in the nucleus or by rupture of the cell membrane, or loss of cell integrity.
22
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

condensation of the chromatin

23
Q

What is Karyorrhexis?

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus into small particles (nuclear dust)

24
Q

What is Karyolysis?

A

Involves dissolution of the nucleus and lysis of chromatin by enzymes.

25
Q

What is intracellular accumulation of Coal particles?

A
  • Anthracosis is the accumulation of coal particles either released in the air from pollution or from individuals working in coal mines.
  • Refers to the storage of this indigestible material in the alveolar histiocytes of the lungs and regional hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes.
  • Can be seen in many city-dwellers.
  • Can cause disease when there is an overabundance of inhaled coal dust causing black pulmonary lesions.
26
Q

What is the intracellular accumulation of Fat?

A

-Fat is normally stored in liver cells in the form of triglycerides, and excess fat accumulation is a typical finding in chronic alcoholics.

27
Q

How does alcohol affect intracellular accumulation of Fat?

A
  • Alcohol high in calories thus making more fat.
  • Alcohol can inhibit several degradation enzymes an the utilization of fat.
  • Alcohol inhibits both protein synthesis and export of fat from the liver in the form of lipoproteins.
28
Q

What is the intracellular accumulation of Hemosiderin?

A

Hemosiderosis is an accumulation of the blood derived brown pigment hemosiderin, an iron storage protein normally found in the spleen, BM, and Kuffer cells of the liver.
-Excess iron is stored intracellular as both ferritin and hemosiderin in other organs, such as the skin, pancreas, heart, and kidneys and can cause damage.

29
Q

How do you show iron in hemosiderosis?

A

By using Prussian blue stain

30
Q

What is intracellular accumulation of Lipofusicin?

A
  • Known as the “wear and tear” pigment, and is composed of a golden-bronw granules found in neurons, myocardial cells and hepatocytes.
  • Is a normal constituent of many cells, increases with age and is derived from the normal turnover of membrane constituents.
  • Does not interfere with cell function
31
Q

What is inherited lysosomal Storage Diseases?

A

The breakdown of certain complex lipids, mucopolysaccharides and glycogens are accomplished by a sequence of enzymatic steps.
-Since these enzymes are located in the lysosomes of the cell, their absence results in this lysosomal storage disease.

32
Q

What are examples of Lysosomal Storage Diseases?

A

Tay-Sachs, Gauchers, Hurlers, Von Gierkes, Pompes, and Nieman-Picks Diseases.

FOH Final (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions