7.1 Proteins

Question 1

Why are proteins so important?

Answer 1

Proteins are the most structurally and functionally diverse macromolecule group.

Question 2

What are some functions of proteins?

Answer 2

Some functions of proteins include storage, movement, transportation, identification, defense, chemical reactions, structure, and communication.

Question 3

What are the monomers and polymers of a protein?

Answer 3

The monomers of proteins are called amino acids, and the polymers of proteins are called polypeptides.

Question 4

What functional groups are in all amino acids? What part is different?

Answer 4

Amino and carboxyl groups are in all amino acids, while the R group or side chains are different.

Question 5

What makes amino acids polar?

Answer 5

A hydroxyl group being present in the amino acid makes it polar.

Question 6

What makes amino acids acidic?

Answer 6

A carboxyl group being present in the amino acid makes it polar.

Question 7

What makes amino acids basic?

Answer 7

An ammonia group (NH3) being present in the amino acid makes it basic.

Question 8

What makes amino acids nonpolar?

Answer 8

If only carbon and hydrogen are present in the amino acid, then it is nonpolar/hydrophobic.

Question 9

What is the primary structure?

Answer 9

The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in chain. The sequence is determined by gene, and it ultimately determines the final shape.

Question 10

What is the secondary structure?

Answer 10

The secondary structure is the collection of sub-sections of folding that can be seen in all polypeptides. This is when hydrogen bonds between carboxyls and aminos form.

Question 11

What is the tertiary structure?

Answer 11

The tertiary structure is the final 3D shape of a single polypeptide. The shape is determined by the interactions between side chains.

Question 12

What is the quaternary structure?

Answer 12

The quaternary structure is the grouping of more than one polypeptide chains.

Question 13

What is denaturation?

Answer 13

Denaturation is the unfolding of a protein that disrupts the hydrogen and ionic bonds. However, it does not affect the primary structure of an amino acid.

Question 14

How are hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of molecules different from each other?

Answer 14

Hydrophobic regions contain only carbon and hydrogen. The amino acids differ only by the make up of the side chain.

Question 15

What are the bonds that hold amino acids together?

Answer 15

The bonds that hold monomers together are called peptide bonds.

Question 16

What functional group does cysteine have?

Answer 16

Cysteine contains a sulfhydryl group.

Question 17

Which side chains might position themselves on the interior of a protein, where they are shielded from water?

Answer 17

Hydrophobic side chains will clump together and position themselves on the interior of a protein.

Question 18

What do hormones do?

Answer 18

Hormones carry molecular messages through blood.

Question 19

What do enzymes do?

Answer 19

Enzymes cut and join molecules together by synthesizing or hydrolyzing.

Question 20

What do infrastructures do?

Answer 20

The infrastructure of an amino acid supports and moves cells.

Question 21

What do channels, pumps, and receptors do?

Answer 21

The channels, pumps, and receptors inside of an amino acid transports ions.

Question 22

What do antibodies do?

Answer 22

Antibodies recognize foreign molecules in the blood, it works as part of the immune system.