7-WesternCultures-Greece-Study Guide Part 1 Flashcards
polis
city-state including the settlement and farmland
Dark Age
a period where people forget how to read and write
foreigner
a person from another city-state
Monarchy
one lawful ruler
aristocrats
wealthy men who inherited land; wealthy landowners who provided advice
Oligarchy
ruling power is in the hands of a few
Tyranny
one unlawful ruler
Democracy
all citizens share in the ruling power
citizen
free male person of age in that city-state which he was born
direct democracy
every citizen can vote on every issue
representative democracy
people vote for representatives who decide on the issues
Assembly
lawmaking group
What forced people in Greece to settle in isolated communities?
mountains
What did these communities have in common?
Language
How did Greeks identify themselves?
with hometown/polis
Why did the Monarch lose power?
Dependent on aristocrats
Why did the Oligarch lose power?
Rich got richer poor got poorer
Why did the Tyrant lose power?
ruled too harshly, forced out
Athenians got the goods they needed for everyday life:
through trade and by buying and selling goods in the agora
Spartans got the goods they needed for everyday life:
from conquered peoples and from Helots, slaves, and Perioeci, free/non-citizens, who did all the work (aristocracy managed government and army)
Athenian Education
Boys were taught at home by mothers until age 6-8
Boys attended three other schools
Girls were taught to cook, clean, and weave
Spartan Education
Boys and girls were trained to fight
Boys were taught to read and write
Skills for survival (stealing was a way of life)
Who were the Ten thousand Immortals?
Persian warriors
satrapies
provinces led by appointed official
Where did Darius build his capital?
Persepolis
Where did Darius build his capital?
Persepolis
Why did Darius conquer Ionian city-states?
to gain control of trade-routes and wealth
What was the Ionian Rvolt?
Ionians and Athenians fighting against the Persians
What did the Persians set-up as the form of government?
puppet rulers
HOw did the Ionians respond to Persian rules?
They asked Greek mainland for help
Who was the only city state to help the Ionians?
Athens
How long did the Ionian Revolt Last?
Five years
Who won the revolt?
Persia
What was Darius’s response to Athens’s part in the Ionian Revolt?
revenge (Persian War)
What marked the beginning of the Persian War?
493 BCE, the end of the Ionian Revolt
Where was the first battle of the Persian War?
Marathon
Why didn’t Sparta send help to Athens immediately?
They were celebrating a religious festival, also only wanted to protect themselves (no sense of unity between city-states of Greece)
Why didn’t Darius use his cavalry at Marathon?
He wanted to use them to attack Athens
Who won at Marathon?
Greeks easily beat the weaker Persian infantry with out the stronger Persian cavalry
Who took control of the Persian army after Darius died
Xerxes, his son
How did the northern city-states respond to the Persian invasion?
the surrendered quickly
What two city-states worked together against the Persians?
Athens and Sparta
Who was the Spartan leader/king?
Leonidas
How did the Persians get through the pass at Thermopylae?
A Greek betrayed the secret pass
What was the result of the Battle of Thermopylae?
All the Spartans and Leonidas were killed
Why did the Greeks flee to Salamis?
To avoid capture in a siege
What did Xerxes do to Athens?
He destroyed and burned it, in revenge for the burnings of his city(s) in the Ionian revolt
Who was the Athenian general at Salamis
Themisticles
Why didn’t Xerxes want to attack the Greeks by sea?
Xerxes knew his navy was weaker
What was the false message sent by the Athenian general at Salamis?
Themistocles had changed sides
What happened to the Persian fleet once they entered the channel at Salamis?
They were surrounded
Who won the battle of Salamis?
Greeks, under Themistocles
Where did the final battle of the persian War take place?
Platea
When did the Persian War end?
479 BCE
What was the name of the defensive league created after the Persian War?
Delian League (HQ on island of Delos)
What was the purpose of this Delian League?
protection
Who didn’t join the Delian League?
Sparta
How did Athens become rich due to the formation of the Delian League?
Athens collected taxes/money to build ships for trade
How did the other city-states feel about Athens’s wealth?
resentful and had disputes
Who was the main leader at the time of the Delian League?
Athens, under Pericles
What happened in Athens under Pericles?
Golden Age of Athens
What brought about the decline of Athens?
The Peloponnesian War
Who was the Peloponnesian War fought between?
Athens and Sparta
Why did the Peloponnesian War begin?
Athens attacked a Spartan ally, Sparta declared war on Athens
How long did the Peloponnesian War last?
27 years
Who won the Peloponnesian war?
Sparta
What is a mercenary?
A hired soldier
Why did some Greeks become mercenaries?
to make money
What city-state took control of Greece upon the conclusion of this war?
Thebes (who took over from Sparta, who beat Athens)
What led to the downfall of Thebes?
Thebes and the other city-states were no longer strong enough to fight off invaders (namely Philip II of Macedon)
