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Ground School - C Middleton > 7 Navigation Theory > Flashcards

7 Navigation Theory Flashcards

1
Q

The Earth rotates in a(n) _________ direction when looking onto the N.Pole

A

Anti-Clockwise

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2
Q

Latitude lines are ________ to the EQUATOR

A

PARALLEL

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3
Q

Longitude lines are ________ to the EQUATOR

A

PERPENDICULAR

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4
Q

The EQUATOR is a line of L___tude

A

LATITUDE

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5
Q

The Greenwich MERIDIAN is a line of L___tude

A

LONGITUDE

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6
Q

Lat and Long is denoted in ___es, _____s and ______s

A

DEGREES
MINUTES
SECONDS

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7
Q

What is a GREAT CIRCLE?

A
  • A circle on the surface of a sphere who’s plane passes through the centre of the Earth.
  • The shortest distance between two points on the surface of a sphere.

The Equator is a GREAT CIRCLE

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8
Q

What is a SMALL CIRCLE?

A
  • A circle on the surface of a sphere who’s plane DOES NOT pass through the centre of the Earth.
  • All circles (other than GREAT CIRCLES) are small circles.
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9
Q

MERIDIANS are aligned /

A

MERIDIAN - N/S

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10
Q

PARALLELS OF LATITUDE are aligned /

A

PARALLELS OF LATITUDE - E/W

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11
Q

What is a RHUMB LINE?

A

A line on the Earths surface that crosses MERIDANS at a constant angle.

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12
Q

Describe CONVERGENCE

A

As MERIDIANS move away from the EQUATOR they are no longer parallel and distance between them will reduce.

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13
Q

Lines of L___tude are ONLY parallel at the EQUATOR

A

LONGITUDE

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14
Q

1 nm is equivalent to _.__ statute miles, or _.__ km

A

1 nm = 1.15 statute miles

1 nm = 1.85 km

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15
Q

Measuring angles on the Earth is done with the ________ system

A

SEXAGESIMAL system

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16
Q

List the units of measurement in the SEXAGESIMAL system

A

DEGREES
MINUTES
SECONDS

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17
Q

A CIRCLE is divided into ___ degrees.

A

1 circle = 360 degrees

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18
Q

A degree is divided into __ minutes.

A

1 deg = 60 minutes

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19
Q

A minute is divided into __ seconds.

A

1 min = 60 seconds

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20
Q

1 nm equates to approx. _ minute of latitude

A

1 minute

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21
Q

60 nm equates to approx. _ degree(s) of latitude

A

1 degree

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22
Q

Nautical miles are an ANGULAR/DISTANCE measurement? (Choose one)

A

ANGULAR

Taken from the centre of the earth.

1 nm on the surface of the Earth equals 1 nm for an aircraft or a satellite in space.

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23
Q

Name the 3 standard units for speed.

A

kt - Knots
mph - Miles per hour
kph - Kilometres per hour

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24
Q

What are the advantages of using True North over Magnetic?

A
  • Does not change with time

- Basis of most maps and charts

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE?

Mag North and True North are in the same place?

A

FALSE

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26
Q

Converting true track to mag direction

Variation East, Magnetic _____
Variation West, Magnetic _____

A

Variation East, Magnetic LEAST

Variation West, Magnetic BEST

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27
Q

Determine Mag Track

True track = 130
Variation = 15E

A

Variation EAST, Magnetic LEAST

True - Var = Mag
130(T) - 15E = 115(M)

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28
Q

Determine Mag Track

True track = 060
Variation = 15W

A

Variation WEST, Magnetic BEST

True + Var = Mag
060(T) + 15W = 075(M)

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29
Q

Determine Mag Track

True track = 285
Variation = 5E

A

Variation EAST, Magnetic LEAST

True - Var = Mag
285(T) - 5E = 280(M)

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30
Q

Determine Mag Track

True track = 220
Variation = 10W

A

Variation WEST, Magnetic BEST

True + Var = Mag
220(T) + 10W = 230(M)

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31
Q

Beacons use MAG or TRUE bearings?

A

MAGNETIC

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32
Q

With respect to magnetic fields. What are isogonals?

A

ISOGONALS are lines of equal magnetic variation.

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33
Q

What is a GEOID?

A

The zero surface of the Earth defined by the deviation and variation of the Earth’s gravity.

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34
Q

What is a SPHEROID/ELLIPSOID?

A

A smooth representation of the Earth’s oblate spheroidal shape.

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35
Q

What is a SPHERE?

A

Come on. You know this one!

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36
Q

List the 3 different models that can be used to model the Earth’s shape

A

GEOID
SPHEROID/ELLIPSOID
SPHERE

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37
Q

Name the 2 types of Map Projections

A

Perspective

Non-Perspective

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38
Q

List the 3 types of PERSPECTIVE projection

A
  • AZIMUTHAL
  • CYLINDRICAL
  • CONICAL
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39
Q

Due to distortion of a the Earth’s surface on charts, the scale can ____ be constant over the entire projection.

A

NEVER

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40
Q

To overcome the impossibility of a constant scale on map projections. We commonly use a _______ scale.

A

GRADUATED scale

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41
Q

Charts that represent bearings accurately are known as ________ Projections.

A

CONFROMAL Projections

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42
Q

PERSPECTIVE projections are also known as as ________ Projections.

A

TRUE (geometric) projections

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43
Q

NON-PERSPECTIVE projections are also known as as ________ Projections.

A

MATHEMATICAL projections

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44
Q

Moving LATERALLY or TRANSVERSALLY refers to movement in the - direction.

A

E-W direction

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45
Q

Latitude varies between ___ deg and ___ deg.

A

-90deg and +90deg

46
Q

The APEX angle of a conical projection equals _ times the angle of latitude of the point of tangency.

A

2 times the angle of latitude of the point of tangency.

47
Q

How many types of ‘Standard Parallel’ projection are there?

A

4

48
Q

Name the 4 types of ‘Standard Parallel’ projection.

A
  • Conical ONE Standard Parallel
  • Conical TWO Standard Parallel
  • Cylindrical ONE Standard Parallel
  • Cylindrical TWO Standard Parallel
49
Q

The 1:500,000 LOW FLYING CHART is a ____ ______ chart. (Type of conical projection)

A

LAMBERT CONFORMAL

50
Q

AZIMUTHAL projections are best suited fur use in ____ ______ regions.

A

POLAR/NEAR POLAR

51
Q

What type of projection that when a straight line is plotted on, will give a RHUMB line?

A

Mercator projection

52
Q

A _____/_____ Mercator projection is most commnly used when travelling on Great Circle routes and those that cover considerable distance.

A

PLANE/OBLIQUE Mercator Projection

53
Q

List the 4 grid ref systems described in the MAGS lecture

A

BNG - British National Grid
UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator
UPS - Universal Polar Stereographic
GEOREF - Geographic Reference

54
Q

Every projection has a ….. (3)

A
  • Central Meridian
  • Central Parallel
  • Natural Origin
55
Q

Why might we want to shift the Natural Origin?

A

To avoid negative coordinates or extremely large coordinate values

56
Q

Shifts in the grid systems are known as FALSE ______ and FALSE ________

A

False EASTINGS and False NORTHINGS

57
Q

In the BNG system the box marked with ‘A’ is located where?

A

TOP LEFT

58
Q

Grids are always read ____ings and then _____ings

A

EASTings then NORTHings

59
Q

UTM grid system has ______ along the bottom and _____ up the side.

A

NUMBERS on bottom. LETTERS up side.

60
Q

What does UTM stand for?

A

Universal Transverse Mercator

61
Q

What does UPS stand for?

A

Universal Polar Stereographic

62
Q

UPS grid system is used in the _____ regions

A

POLAR

63
Q

What does MGRS stand for? (Grids)

A

MILITARY GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM

64
Q

How is a MGRS (Mil Grid Ref Sys) given? (Describe each component)

A

Grid Zone Designation (eg 30U)
100km square identifier (eg WV)
Easting (as accurate as needs be)
Northing (as accurate as needs be)

30UWV2975 - Guernsey Airport

The more Eastings and Northings included the more accurate your reference will be.

65
Q

What does GEOREF stand for?

A

GEOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

66
Q

In the GEOREF system how many Longitude ones and how many Latitude bands are there?

A

24 LONG zones
12 LAT bands

15deg section used for each

67
Q

How is a GEOREF (Geographic Ref) given? (Describe each component)

A
  • Four letters identify a one degree quadrangle (eg MKPG)
  • Minutes of Longitude (eg 12)
  • Minutes of Latitude (eg 04)

MKPG 1204 - Salisbury Cathedral

68
Q

Name the datum that is commonly used in the UK

A

WGS 84

69
Q

List the different types of year (4)

A

‘Standard’ year - Time for earth to orbit sun.
Sidereal - Time for earth to orbit sun against a fixed star.
Tropical - Time between two succesive Vernal Equinoxes (Spring equinox) 365.25 days
Civil - Calendar Year or Gregorian 365 days

70
Q

Name the different types of day (2)

A

Apparent Solar Day - Time interval between successive returns to the local meridian.

Mean Solar Day - Average length of Apparent Solar Days observed over a period of years.

71
Q

How many minutes (time) does 1 degree of longitude represent?

A

1 degree of longitude = 4 minutes

72
Q

LMT varies with the observer’s longitude. If you are E you _____ and for W you ______.

A

E ADD

W SUBTRACT

73
Q

Time zones are denoted by ______ in zone charts.

A

LETTERS

74
Q

LMT at 12deg W = 03.10.00 on 2 Aug

What is the LMT at 33deg E?

A

Change in long 45deg E = +180min = +3hr

LMT at 33deg E = 06.10.00 2 Aug

75
Q

LMT at 46deg E = 09.40.00 on 2 Aug

What is the LMT at 110deg W?

A

Change in long 156deg W = -624min = -10hr 24min

LMT at 110deg W =
-00.44.00 2 Aug = 23.16.00 1 Aug

76
Q

LMT at 10deg W = 22.40.00 on 2 Aug

What is the LMT at 80deg E?

A

Change in long 90deg W = +360min = +6hr

LMT at 80deg E = 04.40.00 3 Aug

77
Q

Find LMT at Long 26deg E when UTC is 10.30.00 on 2 Aug

A

UTC = 10.30.00 on 2 Aug

26deg E = +104min = +1hr44min

LMT = 12.14.00 2 Aug

78
Q

Find LMT at Long 120deg E when UTC is 19.32.00 and Greenwich Date (GD) is 2 Aug

A

UTC = 19.32.00 2 Aug

120deg E = +480min = +8hr

LMT = 27.32.00 2 Aug = 03.32.00 3 Aug

79
Q

A ship at Long 62deg W shows zone time of 1500 hours Q 7 Dec.

What is the UTC?

A

62/15 = 4.1 = 4 (rounded)

1500 + 4 hrs = 1900 7 Dec

80
Q

How many different twilights are defined?

A

3

81
Q

Name the 3 different twilights that are defined. (inc. deg below horizon)

A

Civil - Up to 6deg below horizon

Nautical - Up to 12deg below horizon

Astronomical - Up to 18deg below horizon

82
Q

Define the 3 different twilights

A

Civil - Up to 6deg below horizon. Everyday task just possible without artificial lighting.

Nautical - Up to 12deg below horizon. Outlines still visible, bright stars visible to Mk1 eyeball.

Astronomical - Up to 18deg below horizon. All except the faintest stars visible.

83
Q

What factors will affect duration and time of twilight? (4)

A

Observers Latitude
Suns declination
Altitude

84
Q

For the purposes of night flying, ‘night’ is defined as the time between end of ___ and the beginning of ___

A

end of Evening Civil Twilight

beginning of Morning Civil Twilight

85
Q

How does ATC define night flying?

A

Between 30 mins after sunset and 30 mins before sunrise.

86
Q

What does BNG (grid system) stand for?

A

British National Grid

87
Q

The British National Grid is split into __ ___km x ___km squares

A

The British National Grid is split into 25 500km x 500km squares

88
Q

Each square in the BNG (British National Grid) system is assigned a ______ but omits ‘_’.

A

Each square in the BNG (British National Grid) system is assigned a LETTER but omits ‘I’.

89
Q

The squares denoted by the letter ‘A’ in the BNG (British National Grid) system can be found in what square?

A

Top Left

90
Q

Each 500km x 500km square in the BNG (British National Grid) system is further broken down into …..

A

100km x 100km

Which can then be broken down further as required until the appropriate scale is obtained

91
Q

What does UTM stand for?

A

Universal Transverse Mercator

92
Q

UTM grid system has ______ along the bottom and _____ up the side.

A

NUMBERS on bottom. LETTERS up side.

93
Q

In the UTM grid system the numbered grid zones along the bottom each represent _degs of longitude

A

6degs of longitude

94
Q

In the UTM grid system the lettered grid zones up the side each represent _degs of latitude

A

8degs

95
Q

The UTM grid system extends from __deg S to __deg N.

A

80deg S to 84 deg N

96
Q

In the UTM grid system the each large Grid Zone Designation Area is further broken down to ___km x ___km squares denoted by _ ______

A

…broken down to100km x 100km squares denoted by 2 LETTERS.

97
Q

The GEOREF grid system has ______ along the bottom and _____ up the side.

A

LETTERS along the bottom. LETTERS up side.

98
Q

In the GEOREF grid system the first half of the provided numbers refers to what?

A

Minutes of Longitude

MKPG 12250386 has Lon. of 12.25 minutes (NOTE the is a decimal and does not represent 25 seconds)

99
Q

In the GEOREF grid system the second half of the provided numbers refers to what?

A

Minutes of Latitude

MKPG 12250386 has Lat. of 03.86 minutes (NOTE the is a decimal and does not represent 25 seconds)

100
Q

What is the time difference between a Sidereal and Apparent Solar day?

A

4 mins

101
Q

How long is the Equator in Nm?

A

60x360 = 21,600 Nm

102
Q

Definition of TRACK

A

Direction of the path of an a/c over the ground

103
Q

Definition of HEADING

A

Direction in which the longitudinal axis of the a/c is pointing

104
Q

Definition of DRIFT

A

The angle between the heading and track of the a/c

105
Q

Definition of a RELATIVE BEARING

A

Direction of feature FROM a/c.

106
Q

Definition of a TRUE BEARING

A

True direction of the line joining the feature to the a/c.

107
Q

Definition of MAGNETIC BEARING

A

The Magnetic direction of the line joining the feature to the a/c

108
Q

Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) is ___ corrected for inaccuracies in the ASI

A

IAS corrected for inaccuracies

109
Q

Equivalent Airspeed (EAS) is ___ corrected for inaccuracies in the ASI

A

CAS corrected for compressibility

110
Q

What is True Airspeed (TAS)?

A

The speed of the a/c relative to the air mass through which it is moving.

Ground School - C Middleton (12 decks)

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