3 Comms and EW Flashcards
EM Waves are affected by what 4 behaviours?
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Attenuation
Define Reflection
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Define Refraction
Caused by a change of velocity as an electromagnetic wave passes from one medium to another.
Define Diffraction
Deflection of waves around edges of obstacles placed in their path
Define Attenuation
Reduction (fading) of a signal
What 2 variables vary the amount of diffraction?
Wavelength
Size of the gap
What do we use to refract waves in the atmosphere?
Ionosphere
What do we use to refract waves in the atmosphere?
Ionosphere
What propagation mechanism is used to take advantage of the ionosphere?
Refraction
Describe Doppler
The apparent frequency shift from the point of the observer
What is a surface wave? (Bands?)
Wave that follows the curvature of the Earth’s surface. Used for long distances
VLF, LF, MF to some extent
What is a sky wave? (Bands?)
Wave that refracts off of the layers of the atmosphere (ionosphere). Can be used for very long distances.
HF is predominantly used due to need for refraction.
What is a space wave? (Bands?)
NOT one that goes to space!
Combines LOS and Earth-reflected pathways.
VHF, UHF bands used.
What are the effects of the atmosphere on propagation via refraction? (Pres, Moisture, Temp)
Pressure has no significant impact
Increase in moisture increases refraction
Decrease in Temp increases refraction
Name the 3 different types of refraction
Sub-Refraction (away from surface)
Normal
Super-Refraction (towards to the surface)
What is ducting?
Waves trapped between layers in the atmosphere.
Can be at ground level or at higher altitudes.
What is scatter?
Regions of turbulence containing variations in refractive index, deflect small portions of energy and can be picked up.
What are the 3 primary properties of EM wave energy
Wavelength
Amplitude
Frequency
What are the EM bands (low > high Hz)
Radio Microwaves IR Visible UV X-ray Gamma Ray Cosmic Ray
What orientation are the electric and magnetic fields shown?
Electric - Vertical
Magnetic - Horizontal
….. frequency waves are more susceptible to attenuation.
Higher
Describe the EM bands with frequency ranges
3KHz>VLF<30KHz>LF<300KHz>MF
MF<3MHz>HF<30MHz>VHF<300MHz>UHF
UHF<3GHz>SHF<30GHz>EHF<300GHz
Sky wave is affected mostly by what 2 factors?
Angle of Incidence
Frequency
Define the Maximum Useable Freq of a sky wave
Highest frequency at which refraction can take place at a given angle of incidence.
Space waves use what EM bands?
VHF, UHF
What is the ground wave portion of a sky wave?
Due to the width of the transmission cone, this is the ‘surface wave’ that will occur
What is the dead space portion of the sky wave?
The area past where by the ground wave has weakened significantly. But before where the return from the refraction of the atmosphere can be picked up.
What are the FREQUENICES, Types of Propagation (Surf, Sky, Space), and Uses of HF, VHF, UHF?
HF > 3-30 MHz/ SKY WAVE - single and multiple hops few thousand miles/ reliable continuous wave(CW) and radio transmission (RT)
VHF > 30-300MHz/ SPACE WAVE - within radio horizon/ Marker beacons, ILS Localizer, Radio telephone, Nav aids: VOR, PLB
UHF > 300MHz-3GHz/ SPACE WAVE - within radio horizon/ Radio telephone, ILS glide path, Pulse radio altimeters, TACAN, VORTAC, Search and GCI radars
What is a limitation of HF?
Noise contamination
What is a limitation of VHF/UHF?
Operating range - typically LOS comms.
Power has little impact on extending range
What is a limitation of bandwidth?
Data rate vs capacity.
This has limitations due to the power required to transmit successfully.
What are the 2 types of radio systems?
Guided - Wires/cables
Unguided - Waves through atmosphere
Describe the radio system
Message In – [Transducer] – Baseband Signal –[Modulator and Power Amp]– Aerial
Channel
Aerial–[Demodulator]–Baseband Recovered–[Transducer]–Message Out + Noise
How many frequencies are available and what are their spacing, in VHF and UHF?
VHF - 1300 frequencies at 8.33KHz spacing
UHF - 7000 frequencies at 25KHz spacing
Aircraft comms usually use what freq bands?
UHF - Military aircraft control
VHF - Civil and Military aircraft control
What are the 3 components of the V/UHF radio system?
Adapter Unit
Control Unit
Aerials
What does the ADAPTER unit do in a V/UHF radio system?
Converts data from series to parallel.
Can provide 1KHz tone.
For use in tactical situations where speech is not advisable
What does the CONTROL unit do in a V/UHF radio system?
Selects radio function (Tx+Rx, Tx+Rx+Guard, Tx+Rx+Homing, Tx+Rx+G+H)
Mode selection
Manual Frequency Selection
Why do we typically have 2 UHF aerials?
UHF may attenuate significantly across aircraft
Describe some points of Intercom Discipline
- Mic should be off unless speaking
- Monitor radio before, during and after speaking
- Procedure should be followed
- Crew members should NOT switch off/leave intercom without informing other crew members.
What is the difference between PRIMARY and SECONDARY Radar?
Primary - Operates independently of subject a/c
Secondary - A signal is used to trigger a response from equipment in the subject a/c.
What is the purpose of SECONDARY Radar
- Used to detect and identify an a/c and determine range and bearing.
- Important function in Identification of Friend or Foe (IFF).
- The interrogator may be co-located with search radar or as a standalone system.
What is the name of the piece of equipment in the a/c that an interrogator seeks to interogate?
Transponder
What frequency does an interrogator interrogate at?
1030 MHz
What frequency will a transponder reply at when interrogated?
1090 MHz
A transponder provides automatic communication with who?
Air Traffic Control
How many possible transmit codes are available to a transponder?
4096
What does SSR stand for?
Secondary Surveillance Radar
SSR and … could be referred to as siblings?
IFF
IFF - Mil
SSR - Civvy/Mil
SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar) can be degraded/ rendered inaccurate due to:
FRUITing - Friendly UnIntentional Transmission
Garbling - Multiple a/c in close proximity (Red Arrows)
Sidelobe Signals - Transponder triggered by radar sidelobes and interrogator beam.
Transponder Suppression - When the transponder is unable to respond due to it taking a very short (125 microsec) break.
How long are the codes that pilots set the transponder to respond with?
4 digits
What are the 3 SSR transponder modes?
A, C, S
Mode S provides a …-way data link?
TWO-way
Each a/c fitted with Mode S is assigned a …… address code
Unique
The Mode S signal, known as ‘Squitter’. Is received by ATC and who?
Other Mode S capable a/c
Mode S transmits information every …. second(s)?
1
Mode S feeds into what larger system?
Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)
Having unique IDs in Mode S removes what phenomena?
FRUITing and Garbling
What does TCAS stand for?
Traffic Alert and Call Avoidance System
Name the Military IFF modes.
1, 2, 3, 5
Name the Civilian SSR modes
A, C, S
Describe Mode 1
Military mode that comprise the framing pulses and information pulses set on COCKPIT control panel.
Describe Mode 2
Same as Mode 1. Military mode that comprise the framing pulses and information pulses.
However, NOT selectable in flight but preset on the transponder.
Describe Mode 3/A
- Est. and maintain ID of a/c
- Est. position of a/c
- Facilitate hand off between ATS units
- Supplement primary radar
- Detect a/c squawking 7700, 7600, 7500.
Describe Mode C
Provides information on the vertical position of an a/c in flight
What are the 2 levels of Mode S?
Elementary
Enhanced Surveillance
Describe Mode S
Co-operative radar surveillance system employing ground-based interrogators and airborne transponders.
Evolutionary improvement to the existing SSR system in Mode3/A and C.
Describe Mode 5
CLASSIFIED, Mil ONLY, secure IFF system.
Define and describe the 3 key emergency squawk codes
7700 - Emergency situation
7600 - 2-way comms lost with ground
7500 - Unlawful interference i.e. hijacking
Name some examples of Link Units
Ground Stn Reconnaissance a/c or unit Offensive a/c or unit AWACS a/c Capital Ships