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Ground School - C Middleton > 5 Aircraft Systems I > Flashcards

5 Aircraft Systems I Flashcards

1
Q

Engines provide ____ to overcome DRAG.

A

THRUST

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2
Q

Piston engines run through the ___ cycle.

A

OTTO

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3
Q

Gas turbine engines run through the ______ cycle.

A

BRAYTON

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4
Q

Describe the parts in a standard piston engine cycle.

A 
Inlet Valve
Piston
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
Spark Plug
Outlet Valve
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5
Q

Describe the 4 stages of the piston (Otto) cycle.

A

Induction - Air drawn into cylinder through inlet valve.
Compression - Upward movement of piston compresses air.
Power - Spark used to ignite air/fuel mixture driving piston.
Exhaust - Hot gases expelled through outlet valve.

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6
Q

List the 5 different cylinder layouts

A 
In-line
Inverted
Flat Opposed
V
Radial
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7
Q

2 main limitations of a piston engine

A

RPM

Temperature

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8
Q

List the types of gas turbines

A

Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Turboshaft

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9
Q

Describe the gas turbine work ‘cycle’

A

Intake - Air drawn into compressor
Compression - Inc T+P, dec Vol.
Combustion - Fuel injected and burned. Inc T+Vol.
Turbine - Work taken out of combustion gases to drive compressor.
Exhaust - Expelled from rear of turbine (possibly giving thrust).

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10
Q

List the sections in a Gas Turbine

A 
Air Inlet
Compression
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exhaust
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11
Q

What sections make up the ‘Cold Section’ of a Gas Turbine?

A

Air Inlet

Compression

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12
Q

What sections make up the ‘Hot Section’ of a Gas Turbine?

A

Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exhaust

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13
Q

In a turbojet, what proportion of the air goes into the combustion process?

A

100%

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14
Q

In an ‘optimal’ gas turbine the exhaust pressure is as close to ____ ______ to maximise energy efficiency.

A

INLET PRESSURE

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15
Q

Name the 2 types of air intake

A

Sub-sonic

Super-sonic

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16
Q

Name the 2 types of compressors

A

Axial

Centrifugal

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17
Q

Which type of compressor is “cheaper to produce”?

A

Centrifugal

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18
Q

Which type of compressor is “more difficult to manufacture”?

A

Axial

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19
Q

Which type of compressor has “lower maintenance and running costs”?

A

Centrifugal

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20
Q

Which type of compressor has “small mass flow rates”?

A

Centrifugal

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21
Q

Which type of compressor has a “large frontal area”?

A

Centrifugal

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22
Q

Which type of compressor has a “low compression ratio”?

A

Centrifugal

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23
Q

Which type of compressor has “higher maintenance and running costs”?

A

Axial

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24
Q

Which type of compressor is “multi stage”?

A

Axial

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25
Q

Which type of compressor has “air flowing radially”?

A

Centrifugal

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26
Q

Which type of compressor is “more expensive to produce”?

A

Axial

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27
Q

Which type of compressor is “single stage”?

A

Centrifugal

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28
Q

Which type of compressor has a “small frontal area”?

A

Axial

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29
Q

Which type of compressor has a “high compression ratio”?

A

Axial

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30
Q

Which type of compressor has “large mass flow rates”?

A

Axial

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31
Q

List the types of Combustion Chambers.

A

Multiple
Can-Annular
Annular

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32
Q

What is Turbine Creep?

A

Turbine blades lengthen under load and high temps.

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33
Q

What is Thermal Stress?

A

Rapid changes in temp causes uneven expansion and contraction in a turbine blade which increases the stress in the blade.

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34
Q

Advantage of a Turbofan

A

Increased thrust at low speeds results in better take-off performance.

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35
Q

Describe a Turbofan

A

Most common derivative of gas turbine

Has “By-pass”

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36
Q

In a Turboprop. The _____ absorbs the majority of the gas energy to drive the propeller

A

TURBINE

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37
Q

Advantage of a Turboprop

A

Less kinetic energy waste makes this the most efficient use of a gas turbine at low/medium altitudes and speeds up to 350 kt.

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38
Q

Advantage of a Turboshaft

A

More compact than the others.

Used on rotary assets

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39
Q

What gas turbines are designed for SUPERSONIC flight

A

Turbojet

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40
Q

What gas turbine is most efficient at low speeds?

A

Turboprop

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41
Q

A compressor stall occurs when a compressor operates _____ __ ___ ______.

A

Outside of its limits

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42
Q

List some causes of a compressor stall

A
  • Wrong RAF over comp blades.
  • A blade ‘stalls’.
  • All comp blades in stage at same angle/RAF.
  • Presented airflow is disrupted.
  • Disrupted airflow can cause following stages to stall.
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43
Q

What are the indications of a compressor stall?

A

Increase in engine vibration.

Increase in Turbine Gas Temp (TGT).

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44
Q

Describe a compressor surge

A

Not a high enough pressure in the compressor therefore flame will migrate through compressor and force flame out front.

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45
Q

Indications of compressor surge

A
  • Intake banging
  • Large rise in Turbine Gas Temp (TGT)
  • Loss of thrust
  • Possible catastrophic compressor failure
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46
Q

A STALL is a ____ breakdown of airflow through the compressor.

A

PARTIAL

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47
Q

A SURGE is a ____ breakdown of airflow through the compressor.

A

COMPLETE

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48
Q

What design features can help prevent comp stalls and surging.

A
  • Variable inlet guide/ stator vanes
  • Multi-spool compressors
  • Compressor bleeds
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49
Q

What are the 9 uses of oil in an aircraft?

A
  • Reduce friction
  • Reduce wear
  • Cleaning
  • Minimise corrosion
  • Cooling
  • Heating (fuel heat exchanger)
  • Hydraulic Fluid
  • Chip detection
  • Engine status (Oil T+P)
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50
Q

Fluid introduced between two load bearing surfaces is known as _____

A

LUBRICATION

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51
Q

What is hydrodynamic lubrication regime?

A

Relatively thick layer of oil between surfaces

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52
Q

What are the 3 lubrication regimes?

A

Hydrodynamic
Boundary
Mixed

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53
Q

What is Boundary layer lubrication?

A

Very thin layer of oil between surfaces.

Often seen during start up conditions.

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54
Q

Components of the Engine Oil system (6)

A
  • Oil Tank
  • Oil Pump
  • Oil Cooler
  • Filter Assembly
  • Magnetic Chip detection
  • Monitoring Instruments
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55
Q

What are the 2 key parameters we want to know about the engine oil system?

A

Temp and Pressure

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56
Q

Components of the Fuel system (7)

A
  • LP fuel cock
  • Fuel cooled oil cooler
  • Fuel filter
  • HP fuel pump
  • Throttle valve
  • Fuel control unit
  • HP shut-off valve
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57
Q

Everything upstream (before) the HP fuel pump is known as the ______ pressure part of the system

A

LOW pressure

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58
Q

Everything downstream (after) and inc. the HP fuel pump is known as the ______ pressure part of the system

A

HIGH pressure

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59
Q

List some uses of the air from the Air system

A
  • Engine cooling
  • Blade cooling
  • Air sealing
  • Bleed air
  • Anti-icing
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60
Q

Why is engine cooling required?

A

Internal temperatures are very high

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61
Q

What is used to cool the engine?

A

Combination of Air and Oil

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62
Q

Which blades typically require the most amount of cooling?

A

Turbine blades

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63
Q

How are blades in the engine cooled?

A

Through longitudinal holes in the internals of the blade structure

Film cooling on leading and trailing edges of the blades

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64
Q

What info/data about the engine is typically provided to the pilots?

A
  • Eng Temp
  • Eng Speed
  • Torque
  • Fuel Flow, T+P
  • Oil T+P
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65
Q

Bleed air can be used for

A
  • Airframe anti-icing
  • Cabin pressurisation
  • Fuel tank pressurisation
  • Pneumatic Services
  • Air blown flight controls
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66
Q

Anti-icing air can be supplied to

A
  • Engine intakes
  • Inlet guide vanes
  • Inlet cone
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67
Q

Engine temperature is measured using ______

A

THERMOCOUPLES

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68
Q

What piece of equipment is used to measure engine speed?

A

Tacho-Generator

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69
Q

List some accessory systems driven by the gearbox (9)

A
  • Fuel Control Unit (FCU)
  • HP Fuel Pump
  • LP Fuel Pump
  • Oil Pumps
  • Scavenger Pumps
  • Centrifugal breather
  • Tacho-generator
  • DC starter/generator
  • Air Con Compressor
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70
Q

The frequency of the Tacho-Generator is ______ proportional to the speed of the engine.

A

DIRECTLY

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71
Q

Torque is measured by the ________

A

TORQUEMETER

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72
Q

Name the 4 types of fuel

A

AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT

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73
Q

What 3 fuels include FSII?

A

AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT

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74
Q

Piston Engines use what fuel?

A

AVGAS

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75
Q

Turbine engines use what fuel?

A

AVTUR

76
Q

At extreme low temps what fuel is used?

A

AVTAG

77
Q

Naval aviation uses what type of fuel?

A

AVCAT

78
Q

AVTAG is known as _____ fuel

A

“WIDE CUT”

79
Q

List the 7 key terms associated with fuel

A
  • Density
  • Specific Gravity
  • Freezing point
  • Fuel System Icing Indicator (FSII)
  • Flash Point
  • Volatility
  • Viscosity
80
Q

What is the FLASH POINT of a fuel?

A

Lowest temperature at which fuel begins to form combustible vapour

81
Q

5 key properties of AVGAS

A
  • Anti-knock value
  • Volatility
  • Vapour locking tendency
  • Stability
  • Solvent and corrosion properties
82
Q

7 key properties of AVTUR

A
  • Ease of flow under operating conditions
  • Quick start of engines
  • Complete combustion under ALL conditions
  • High calorific value
  • Non-corrosive
  • Minimal fire hazard
  • Lubrication of moving parts
83
Q

The LP fuel cock _____ fuel from getting to the engine.

A

PREVENTS

84
Q

The LP fuel pump is housed in the _______ ____

A

COLLECTOR TANK

85
Q

The symbol for the jet pump is ….

A

two funnels + circle with internal cross

86
Q

The symbol for the LP fuel pump is …

A

one funnel (at 12 oclock) of circle with internal cross

87
Q

What devices are used to prevent the engine of an aerobatic aircraft being starved of fuel during aerobatic maneuvres?

A

Recuperator Tank
Double Entry LP fuel pump
Flop tube

88
Q

The X-FEED cock allows ____ engine to be fed by ___ fuel tank

A

ANY engine

ANY tank

89
Q

The FUEL TRANSFER cock allows fuel tanks to be ______

A

REBALANCE/ EQUALIZED

90
Q

If the FUEL FILTER is blocked. Will this stop the engine from operating?

A

No. There is the bypass valve.

91
Q

What is used to get rid of fuel?

A

Fuel Jettison

92
Q

What are the 3 typical warnings associated with fuel?

A
  • Low Level
  • Pressure
  • Filter
93
Q

Fire protection is made up of two independent systems. These are

A

Fire and Overheat detection

Fire extinguishing

94
Q

The 3 most common sources of fire are

A
  • Fuel leaks in vicinity of hot equipment.
  • Hot gas leaks, from engines or ducting, impairing on inflammable materials.
  • Electrical or mech malfunctions in equipment
95
Q

Symptoms of HALON poisoning

A
  • Itchy Throat

- Streaming eyes

96
Q

The function of the fire detection systems are to

A
  • Monitor designated areas for rise in temp
  • Provide warning to the crew
  • Complete electrical circuits to allow crews to activate safety measures
97
Q

Thermal switches are placed in areas of the a/c where a ____ may arise

A

FIRE

98
Q

____ ____ is made of Stainless Tube, Filling Material and Central Electrode.

A

FIRE WIRE (CONTINUOUS ELEMENT)

99
Q

The FIRE BOTTLE system is what is known as a _ ___ system

A

2 SHOT

100
Q

HALON fire extinguishers turn the fire triangle into a ___ ______, adding a 4th side by interrupting the ______ of a fire

A

FIRE TETRAHEDRON, adding a 4th side by interrupting the combustion of a fire

101
Q

Name the 3 different Ice Detection Devices

A
  • Visual Ice Detector
  • Differential static pressure Ice Detector
  • Frequency monitor Ice Detector
102
Q

Where does bleed air get drawn from within the engine to feed the ice protection system?

A

COMPRESSOR

103
Q

When you select the bleed air, will the engine become hotter or colder?

A

Hotter as the engine will be working harder

104
Q

List areas on the A/C which are sensitive to ice formation

A
  • Aerofoil surfaces
  • Engine Intakes
  • Engine Internal Surfaces
  • Rotor blades and propellers
  • Windscreens
  • Control hinges and linkages
  • Instrumentation probes and vanes
  • Weapons and weapons carriers
105
Q

Ice causes _____ to DECREASE because the engine will not perform as efficiently.

A

THRUST

106
Q

Ice causes _____ to DECREASE because the shape of the wing changes with the build up of ice.

A

LIFT

107
Q

Ice causes _____ to INCREASE because of the build up of ice disrupting the airflow across the wing, body and tail.

A

DRAG

108
Q

Ice causes _____ to INCREASE because the ice adds to the overall mass of the aircraft.

A

WEIGHT

109
Q

Ice protection system fall into 2 categories. These are:

A

ACTIVE
or
PASSIVE

110
Q

Active Ice Protection is made up of ______

A

Anti-icing

De-icing

111
Q

List some methods of alerting crew to the risk of ice formation

A
  • Met forecasts
  • External visible checks
  • Ice accretion probes
  • Flood lights
  • Alerts and automatic systems
112
Q

Describe the “Visual Ice Detector”

A

HEATED AEROFOIL ROD

INSPECTION LAMP - For operating in darkness

113
Q

Describe the “Differential static pressure Ice Detector”

A

Has a SERIES OF HOLES MEASURING PRESSURE.

System monitors the pressure difference along the probe.

114
Q

Describe the “Frequency monitor Ice Detector”

A

Measured using a VIBRATING ROD

Utilises changes in the resonant freq of the probe which occurs with ice formation.

115
Q

Engine anti-icing systems are an integral part of the engine and are _________ of the airframe anti-icing.

A

INDEPENDENT

116
Q

How are windscreens protected against icing?

A

ELECTRICALLY HEATED WINDSCREEN

117
Q

Ice, Snow and Slush deposits ____ be _____ prior to flight, by the ground crew.

A

MUST be REMOVED

118
Q

Only following the removal of Ice, Snow and Slush deposits, should ______ _____ de-icing be applied.

A

CHEMICAL FLUID

119
Q

Factors to be considered in the design of an aircraft are:

A
  • Stress
  • Strain
  • Stiffness
  • Design Limit Load (DLL)
  • Temperature
  • Corrosion
  • Natural/Environmental Hazards
120
Q

Define Stress, Strain and Stiffness

A

Stress - Load per unit area of x-section
Strain - Deformation caused by stress
Stiffness - Ratio of stress over strain

121
Q

What are the ideal properties of the materials used in aircraft construction? (4)

A
  • High strength and stiffness
  • Lightness
  • Low cost
  • Ease of construction and production
122
Q

List some of the different materials used in aircraft construction

A
  • Aluminium alloys
  • Titanium alloys
  • Magnesium alloys (rarely used)
  • Steel
  • Carbon Fibre Comp. (CFCs)
  • Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
  • Wood
123
Q

Name the 3 different types of fuselage

A
  • Truss
  • Monocoque
  • Semi-monocoque
124
Q

List some components in the mechanical structure of the fuselage

A
  • Bulkhead
  • Stringers
  • Longerons
  • Vert/Diag Web Members
  • Frames
  • Skin (Semi-Mono) / Stressed Skin(Mono)
125
Q

List some components in the mechanical structure of the wing

A
  • Stringer
  • Spar (Front/Rear)
  • Skin
  • Ribs
  • Honeycomb Sandwich Core
126
Q

Wing loading forces are carried by the ….. (4)

A
  • Spars
  • Stringers
  • Ribs
  • Skin
127
Q

List the 3 different wing configurations

inc. some benefits of each

A
  • High wing - Ease of cargo loading
  • Mid-wing - Small radar cross section in modern ‘stealth’ a/c
  • Low wing - shorter undercarriage, crash protection
128
Q

What does the word ‘EMPENNAGE’ refer to?

A

TAIL SECTION of an aircraft

129
Q

List the types of EMPENNAGE (5)

A
  • Tailplane and Fin (Prefect)
  • All Flying Tailplane (C17/A400)
  • Taileron (Tornado)
  • Tailless (Vulcan)
  • V tail (MQ-9 Reaper/Protector)
130
Q

The forward flight controls of the Typhoon are known as _____

A

CANARDS

131
Q

List some key design features influencing design of combat a/c

A
  • Powerplant
  • Fuel and weapon carriage
  • Undercarriage stowage
  • Low-frontal area and x-section
  • Stealth technology
132
Q

List some key design features influencing design of transport a/c

A
  • Cabin length
  • Cabin width
  • Freight Vol
  • Passenger and Weight distribution to maintain COG
133
Q

Definition of stress

A

Load per unit area

134
Q

Definition of strain

A

Deformation caused by stress

135
Q

Definition of Stiffness

A

Ratio of stress over strain

136
Q

Definition of DLL

A

Maximum load the designer would expect airframe to experience in service.

137
Q

Ideal properties of aircraft materials

A

High Strength and Stiffness
Lightness
Low cost
Ease of construction and production

138
Q

3 types of fuselage

A
  • Truss
  • Monocoque
  • Semi-monocoque
139
Q

5 parts that make up the wing structure

  • R___
  • F___ S___
  • R___ S___
  • S___
  • S______
A
  • Ribs
  • Front Spar
  • Rear Spar
  • Skin
  • Stringer
140
Q

Another name for tail section

A

EMPENNAGE

141
Q

5 configs of tailplanes

  • S______
  • A___ F______ T______
  • T______
  • T______
  • V _____
A
  • Standard
  • All Flying Tailplane
  • Taileron
  • Tailless
  • V Tail
142
Q

Key points of each tailplane type

A
  • Standard.
  • All Flying Tailplane. - Servo tabs used to aid in effective control of a/c trimming
  • Taileron. Operate ind. providing pitch and roll.
  • Tailless. Make use of ELEVONS.
  • V Tail. V and H components producing pitch and yaw.
143
Q

3 axis of an aircraft

A

Longitudinal
Lateral
Normal

144
Q

3 axis of an aircraft

A

Longitudinal
Lateral
Normal

145
Q

Types of Icing detection

A

Differential
Visual
Frequency

146
Q

Engine anti-icing and airframe anti-icing systems operate i________ of each other

A

INDEPENDENTLY

147
Q

Only following the removal of Ice, Snow and Slush deposits, should ______ _____ de-icing be applied.

A

CHEMICAL FLUID

148
Q

Windshields are e_______ h_____ to prevent ice build up.

A

ELECTRICALLY HEATED

149
Q

In addition to FIRE, the fire detection system can detect H___ and S____

A

FIRE, HEAT and SMOKE

150
Q

What is a 2 shot system?

A

2 separate cylinders

Independent but crossed linked

151
Q

Where would you locate thermal switches in the aircraft?

A

As close to areas that have potential to produce fires.

152
Q

____ ____ is made of Stainless Tube, Filling Material and Central Electrode.

A

FIRE WIRE

153
Q

The two overarching systems associated with fire are…

A

Fire Detection

Fire Extinguishing

154
Q

The 3 most common sources of fire are

A
  • Fuel leaks in vicinity of hot equipment.
  • Hot gas leaks, from engines or ducting, impairing on inflammable materials.
  • Electrical or mech malfunctions in equipment
155
Q

Most common fuel on gas engines

A

AVTUR

156
Q

What does FSII stand for and what does it protect against?

A

Fuel System Icing Inhibitor

Protects against icing and fuel fungus

157
Q

Which fuel can be described as Wide Cut?

A

AVTAG

158
Q

When do we use AVTAG ‘Wide Cut’ fuel?

A

Cold/Polar

159
Q

AVTAG is a mix of ____ and ____

A

AVTUR and AVGAS

160
Q

What is the purpose of the LP fuel cock?

A

Prevents fuel getting to the engine

161
Q

Name 8 components that can form part of an airframe LP fuel system

A 
Fuel tanks
Fuel pumps
LP cocks
Transfer valves
X-feed valves
Jet pumps
Dump valves
Recuperator tank
162
Q

What parameters can be displayed in the fuel instrumentation?

A 
Pressure
Flow
Temp
Quantity
De-totalizer
163
Q

What fuel is used on aircraft carriers?

A

AVCAT

164
Q

What 2 fuels make up AVCAT?

A

AVTUR and Diesel

165
Q

Why do we mix AVTUR and diesel in AVCAT?

A

Les volatile higher flashpoint

166
Q

What is the function of the x-feed valve?

A

Allow any tank to feed any engine

167
Q

What transformation does AVTUR go through as it starts to freeze?

A

It turns to waxy crystals

168
Q

What is the name of the valve that we use to move fuel from one tank to another?

A

Fuel transfer valve

169
Q

What is the definition of ‘Flashpoint’?

A

The lowest temp at which the fuel will start to produce a combustible vapour

170
Q

If 160kg/0.8 SG = 200 ltrs

How many litres would be required to give a 140kg fuel uplift?

A

140kg /0.8 = 175 ltrs

171
Q

What are the fuel supply options available to ensure engines can continue to operate during aerobatic manoeuvres?

A

Recuperator Tank
Double Entry LP fuel pump
Flop tube

172
Q

Which fuel is used on Piston engine aircraft and whatdoes 100LL refer to ?

A

AVGAS

100 Low Lead

173
Q

Describe the gas turbine work ‘cycle’

A

Intake - Air drawn into compressor
Compression - Inc T+P, dec Vol.
Combustion - Fuel injected and burned. Inc T+Vol.
Turbine - Work taken out of combustion gases to drive compressor.
Exhaust - Expelled from rear of turbine (possibly giving thrust).

174
Q

How would you describe an axial flow compression?

A 
Expensive
Small frontal area
Large mass flowrates of air
High compression ratio
Multi-stage
175
Q

What is the purpose of the turbine in a turbine fan for?

A

There to extract the maximum amount of energy from the combusted gases.

176
Q

What do we use the oil system for?

A
  • Reduce friction
  • Reduce wear
  • Cleaning
  • Minimise corrosion
  • Cooling
  • Heating (fuel heat exchanger)
  • Hydraulic Fluid
  • Chip detection
  • Engine status (Oil T+P)
177
Q

What are the 3 lubrication regimes?

A

Hydrodynamic
Boundary
Mixed

Be able to refer to the diagrams and identify

178
Q

3 key components of the HP side of the fuel system.

A

HP fuel cock
HP fuel pump
HP FCU (fuel control unit)

Be able to highlight on diagram

179
Q

What is one of the most popular things bleed air is used for?

A

Pressurisation and cabin conditioning (heating)

180
Q

A filter is used to remove d____

A

DEBRIS

181
Q

Turboprop the m_____ of energy is absorbed by the turbines

A

MAJORITY

182
Q

A COMPLETE breakdown of air flow through the compressor is known as a s___.

A

SURGE

183
Q

A PARTIAL breakdown of air flow through the compressor is known as a s___.

A

STALL

184
Q

A Tacho-Generator measures ….

A

ENGINE SPEED

185
Q

Purpose of an Oil Tank is to …

A

HOLD/STORE oil

Ground School - C Middleton (12 decks)

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