10 Flight Planning Flashcards
How is ALTITUDE defined?
The vertical distance upwards to a fixed point, measured from Mean Sea Level (MSL).
How is ELEVATION defined?
The vertical distance upwards to a fixed point or level on the surface of the Earth, measured from Mean Sea Level (MSL).
How is HEIGHT defined?
The vertical distance upwards to a given point from a given level or specific datum
What is QFE?
The barometric pressure corrected to a specific datum, usually an airfield.
Typically only used by the military.
What is QNH?
The barometric pressure corrected for temp and reduced to MSL.
What is RPS?
Regional Pressure Setting
Lowest forecast QNH within a designated Altimeter Setting Region (ASR).
What is SPS (SAS)?
Standard Pressure Setting (Standard Altimeter Setting)
Assumed to be 1013.25hPa (29.92 inchHg)
If flying in a westward direction (HDG 180-359) what FLs should you fly at?
EVEN
If flying in an EASTWARD direction (HDG 360>179) what FLs should you fly at?
ODD
Determine QFE
Elevation = 60ft QNH = 993hPa
60ft = 2hPa
QFE = 993-2 = 991hPa
Determine QFE
Elevation = 4140ft QNH = 1023hPa
4140ft = 138hPa
QFE = 1023-138 = 885hPa
Determine QFE
Elevation = 210ft QNH = 1015hPa
210ft = 7hPa
QFE = 1015-7 = 1008hPa
You takeoff at MSL with QNH at 983hPa and climb to 2000ft.
What is your height are you in relation to standard pressure?
2900ft
1013-983 = 30hPa = 30x30 = 900ft
2000ft + 900ft = 2900ft
You takeoff at MSL with QNH at 1033hPa and climb to 3000ft.
What is your height are you in relation to standard pressure?
2400ft
1013-1033 = -20hPa = -20x30 = -600ft
3000ft + (-600)ft = 2400ft
The phrase HI-LO-HI comes from what phenomenon?
If you travel from High (HI) pressure to Low (LO) pressure, your altimeter will read High (HI)
The phrase LO-HI-LO comes from what phenomenon?
If you travel from Low (LO) pressure to High (HI) pressure, your altimeter will read Low (LO)
Describe the “Transition” cross section (high to low)
Flight Levels
Transition Level
Transition Layer
Transition Altitude
What pressure setting do you T/O from airfields on?
QFE or QNH
What pressure setting do you use when departing from an airfield’s direct control?
QNH or RPS
What are the 4 reasons to descend below the Safe Altitude?
- Visual with the ground
- Approved radio or radar terminal approach provided by ATC
- Serviceable terrain-following radar equipment
- Compelled to do so in an emergency
How do you calculate Safe Altitude (SALT)?
- Within 5nm of flight track, inc waypoints. (Unless greater is stipulated).
- Determine altitude (AMSL) of highest ground or obstacle.
- Add 1000ft (2000ft if ground level is mountainous >3000ft AMSL).
- Round up to the nearest 100ft
What is the TL?
Transition Level
The lowest FL available for use above the Transition Altitude (TA).
How is TL obtained?
Look up table. RA3302 Annex A
- Obtain QNH
- Obtain TA
- Go to appropriate entry in table
- TL shown along with Min. IFR Cruising Level
What is MSFL?
Minimum Safe Flight Level
How do you calculate MSFL?
- Calculate Safety Altitude
- Obtain the latest forecast route QNH
What is the Pressure Altitude?
Vertical distance in ft to a pressure datum from the 1013.25hPa pressure level.
What is Pressure Altitude equation?
PA = Airfield Elevation + 30(1013-QNH)
Determine PA
Elevation = 120ft QNH = 1005hPa
PA = 120ft + 30x(1013-1005) = 120ft + 30x8
PA = 120ft + 240ft = 360ft
Determine PA
Elevation = 240ft QNH = 993hPa
PA = 240ft + 30x(1013-993) = 240ft + 30x20
PA = 240ft + 600ft = 840ft
Determine PA
Elevation = 60ft QNH = 1038hPa
PA = 60ft + 30x(1013-1038) = 60ft + 30x(-25)
PA = 60ft + (-750)ft = -690ft
What is Density Altitude?
Pressure Altitude adjusted to take into account deviation of airfield from ISA temperature
Where can the Density Altitude conversion graph be obtained?
AP3456
What is Density Altitude equation?
DA = PA + 120(Outside Air Temp - ISA Temp @ PA)
Determine DA
PA = 2000ft
Outside Air Temp = 10C
ISA Temp @ PA = 15C-(2x2[1,000fts]) = 15- 4 = +11C
DA = 2000ft +120(10 - 11) = 2000ft + (-120)ft DA = 1880ft
Determine DA
PA = 4100ft
Outside Air Temp = 20C
ISA Temp @ PA = 15C-(2x4.1[1,000fts]) = 15- 8.2 = +6.8C
DA = 4100ft +120(20 - 6.8) = 4100ft + 1584ft DA = 5684ft
Determine DA
PA = 4100ft
Outside Air Temp = -0.5C
ISA Temp @ PA = 15C-(2x4.1[1,000fts]) = 15- 8.2 = +6.8C
DA = 4100ft +120(-0.5 - 6.8) = 4100ft + (-876)ft DA = 3224ft
Determine DA
PA = 800ft
Outside Air Temp = 5C
ISA Temp @ PA = 15C-(2x0.8[1,000fts]) = 15- 1.6 = +13.4C
DA = 800ft +120(5 - 13.4) = 800ft + (-1008)ft DA = -208ft
What pressure and temperature conditions do we need to be careful of?
Low pressure
High Temperature
ESPECIALLY when these are combined
What does ADS stand for? (docs)
Aircraft Document Set
List some of the docs contained in the ADS
Release to Service (RTS) Aircrew Publications -Aircrew Manual (AM) -Flight Reference Cards (FRCs) -Pilot's Notes (PN) -Minimum Equipment List (MEL) Operating Data Manual (ODM) Flight Test Schedule (FTS) Aircrew Landaway Flight Servicing Schedule (ALFSS) Technical Publications (Tech Pubs) Support Policy Statement (RA5000 Series)
What document is at the top of the documentation hierarchy?
Release to Service (RTS)
What documents are on the 2nd level of the documentation hierarchy?
Aircrew Publications (AP) Operating Data Manual (ODM) Flight Test Schedule (FTS) Aircrew Landaway Flight Servicing Schedule (ALFSS) Technical Publications (Tech Pubs) Support Policy Statement (RA5000 Series)
List some of the Aircrew Publications
- Aircrew Manual (AM)
- Flight Reference Cards (FRCs)
- Pilot’s Notes (PN)
- Minimum Equipment List (MEL)
Release to Service (RTS) outlines:
- A____ O_____
- L______
- D____
- M_______ R______
- P_______
- Aircraft Operation
- Limitations
- Design
- Maintenance Requirements
- Procedures
The limitations as outline in the Aircrew Manual (AM) are ______ (unless overridden by the RTS)
MANDATORY
What does FRC stand for? (docs)
Flight Reference Card
What does MEL stand for? (docs)
Minimum Equipment List
The Aircrew Manual provides
- Best op_____ in______
- Best a_____ currently available
- Procedures for sys o______ in n____ and e_____ situations
- Best operating instructions
- Best advice currently available
- Procedures for sys operation in normal and emergency situations
What do FRCs describe?
Flight Reference Cards
States best practice under normal operation
-Standard Procedures and Aircraft Handling
States best practice in Emergencies
-Emergency procedures and Emergency a/c handling
What do MELs describe?
Minimum Equipment List
Specifies the minimum standard of serviceable equipment required before an aircraft can depart.
What document provides BEST OPERATION and EMERGENCY PROCEDURES?
FRCs
Flight Reference Cards
What document will give minimum serviceable equipment for safe operation of the aircraft?
MEL
Minimum Equipment List
What document describes the Aircraft Operation, Limitations, Design, Maintenance Requirements and Procedures
RTS
Release to Service
What is the collection of published aviation documentation known as?
Aircraft Document Set
The principles of WEIGHT and BALANCE are applicable to ___ aircraft.
ALL aircraft
What does CoG or CG stand for?
Centre of Gravity
The UK Mil Operating Data Manual (ODM) contains information regarding …
- Performance
- Planning
- Limitations
Forces to counteract pitching moments are provided by …
- Tailplane
- Elevators
- Trim Tabs
What does AUW stand for? (planning)
All-up Weight
Limitations on the AUW are:
- S____ of a_____ structure
- O______ r_________
- Strength of aircraft structure
- Operational requirements
Inflight changes to the AUW causes …..
- Progressive loss of efficiency
- Serious or dangerous unbalance as the distance from optimum CG position changes
Accurate calculation of fuel requirements for flight is important for:
- S______
- E_______ O______
- M_____ utilisation of p______
- Safety
- Economical/Efficient Operation
- Maximum utilisation of payload
Fuel consumption is a function of:
- A_____
- A__ T_____
- S____
- A__-__ _____
- E____ RPM
- Altitude
- Air Temperature
- Speed
- All-up Weight
- Engine RPM
Minimum fuel overhead destination is the sum of ….
- M______ l_____ f___
- M_____ a______
- T____ to d______
- A______ f___
- Minimum landing fuel
- Missed approach
- Transit to diversion
- Approach fuel
IAS is ….
reading on the pitot-static airspeed indicator
CAS is IAS calibrated for …
pressure error
EAS is CAS calibrated for …
compressibility
TAS is EAS calibrated for …
density
Take off planning considerations assume that :
All engines operating as the start point.
One engine fail after commencement but before T/O completed.
Landing planning considerations
Certificate of Airworthiness (Landing)
Maximum structural landing weight
What is the definition of basic weight?
Weight of a/c + all basic equipment + unusable fuels and oils.
Define a moment
The mass of an object multiplied by the distance from a reference point.
Define a load arm
The longitudinal distance between the load item and a datum.
When must the Weight balance record be updated?
Change of equipment
Following servicing
New equipment added
What is the total weight of a/c, crew and payload known as?
AUW
All-up weight
Define payload
Anything that can be carried on the aircraft
List the 4 main ways of representing terrain on a map
- Hill Shading
- Spot Height
- Contour Lines
- Layer Tinting
Ideal features should be
- B__
- U_______
- V_____ E_____
- E_____ I_______
- Big
- Unambiguous
- Vertical Extent
- Easily Identified
Describe a CONICAL HILL on a map
Concentric contour lines of round/circular shape
Describe a SPAR on a map
Higher ground surrounded on 3 sides by lower ground
Describe an ESCARPMENT on a map
Steep contour lines that reach a ridge then flattens out
Describe a COL or SADDLE on a map
Lower or flat point between two summits
How is Low Flying defined?
Within 2000 ft of surface
What does MSD stand for?
Minimum Separation Distance
Low flying over congested areas. What are the transit altitudes for FW and RW assets?
FW - 2000ft AGL
RW - 1000ft AGL
What is the extent of the UK Low Flying System?
To the edges of the UK FIR
The UK Mil Low Flying Handbook (UKMLFH) has how many sections?
6
The UKLFS (UK Low Flying System) is sub divided by time into …
UKDLFS (UK Day Low Flying System)
UKNLFS (UK Night Low Flying System)
UKDLFS (UK Day Low Flying System) is split into 20 LFAs.
What does LFA stand for?
Low Flying Area
What does CADS stand for? (low flying)
Centralised Aviation Data Service
When does UKNLFS (UK Night Low Flying System) begin?
START is 30 min after sunset
END is 30 min before sunrise
What is the UKLFS (UK Low Flying System) normal operating hours?
Mon- Fri 0700-2300
NOT Sat or Sun
What are the weather limits for the UKLFS (UK Low Flying System)?
- FW >140kt
- FW <=140kt
- RW
- FW >140kt = 5km Vis, 1500m hor and 500ft ver
- FW <=140kt = 1500m Vis, CoCIoS (clear of cloud insight of surface)
- RW = 1500m Vis, CoCIoS (clear of cloud insight of surface)
Possible restrictions in Low Flying
-
What does SALT stand for? (altitude)
Safety Altitude
How do you determine SALT?
Add 1000ft and round up to nearest 100ft.
Unless in Mountainous terrain (>3000ft AMSL) in which case add 2000ft and round up to nearest 100ft.
Speed restrictions at Low Level -Max cruise speed \_\_\_kt -Short-term specific speeds <= 150ft MSD = \_\_\_kt > 150kt MSD = \_\_\_kt
-Max cruise speed 450kt
-Short-term specific speeds
<= 150ft MSD = 500kt
> 150kt MSD = 550kt
What does PINS stand for? (low level)
Pipeline Inspection System
Most Pipeline Inspection activity takes place between ___ and ___ft
Most Pipeline Inspection activity takes place between 500 and 700ft
Who do you book into the UKLFS (UK Low Flying System) with?
LFOF at NATS Swanwick
When in Low Flight.
Crew should be in receipt of Low Level booking _____ _____.
Crew should be in receipt of Low Level booking reference number.
May be required in flight.
What system do we use to book a low level flying slot?
CADS (Central Aviation Data Service)
