7] Ethics

Question 1

Ethics is a branch of what

Answer 1

Philosophy

Question 2

What questions do ethics concern themselves with

Answer 2

1: what actions are good and bad (moral terms)
2: what behaviors should be considered unacceptable and acceptable
3: how should people live their lives

Question 3

What is one example of a broad ethical code

Answer 3

John Stewart Mills utilitarianism

Question 4

What is utilitarianism

Answer 4

It is the ethical theory that states that the “right” choice is the one that brings the greatest amount of good to the greatest amount of people

Question 5

What are questions psychologist have about morality

Answer 5

1: “are humans born with a natural sense of what is right and wrong”
2: “do people’s judgement of right and wrong depend on their current mood”

Question 6

What is the struggle between ethics and conducting research

Answer 6

The issues is the fact that science and society do have a right to know something but the individuals being researched have the right to safety, dignity and self determination

Question 7

Why do we care about ethics in research

Answer 7

Because public trust is vital for science and nobody will want to pay or take part in future studies if they’re unethical and their rights are being violated

Question 8

What is the risk and benefit in research mean

Answer 8

It means that the risk of finding out the research needed might outweigh or be outweighed by the benefits of discovering the research
E.g: testing treatments can have a positive, negative or neutral effect, the risk of there being a negative effect on the participant may be outweighed by the possibility of finding a new treatment

Question 9

Unethical study examples

Answer 9

1: little Albert (conditioned fear)
2: the Milgram studies (deception)
3: the tearoom trade (privacy violations/deception)
4: the monster study (deliberate psychological harm)

Question 10

What was the Nuremberg Code

Answer 10

It was 10 guidelines created for researchers on how to conduct research on human subjects in an ethical way after World War II and the Nuremberg trials about the experiments conducted on the Jews in concentration camps

Question 11

What are the psychological associations

Answer 11

1: American Psychological Association APA
2: The British Psychological Association
3: The Psychological Association of Ireland

Question 12

What are the duties for psychology associations

Answer 12

1: accrediting college courses
2: accrediting practitioners of psychology
3: organizing conferences
4: producing ethical guidelines

Question 13

Psychological Society of Ireland code of professional ethics are

Answer 13

1: respect for the rights and dignity of a person
2: competence
3: responsibility
4: integrity

Question 14

When to consider ethics in research

Answer 14

1: before the study begins
2: during the running of the study
3: after all the data has been collected

Question 15

Gravetter & Forzanos 3 principles for Informed consent

Answer 15

1: participants must be given information about the study and the role in it
2: they must understand the information they have been given
3: they must agree to take part with no coercion

Question 16

What is informed consents written procedure

Answer 16

1: overview
2: description of the procedure
3: risk and inconveniences
4: confidentiality
5: voluntary participation and the right to withdraw
6: questions and further information
7: signature line

Question 17

When is full formed consent not needed

Answer 17

1: observing public behavior
2: accessing public data and records
3: anonymous surveys

Question 18

When is deception used

Answer 18

1: when telling them they’re measuring one thing but it’s another
2: giving false feedback
3: introducing them to other participants who actually Confederate

Question 19

Deception is justified when

Answer 19

1: the benefits outweighing the risks
2: it will not cause physical harm or extreme emotional distress
3: researcher will give a full debrief

Question 20

What are the two types of deception according to Milgram 1992

Answer 20

1: epistemological reason
Deception that affects participants experiences during the study
2: motivational reason
Deception that would influence someone to choices to take part in the study

Question 21

What should happen during debriefing

Answer 21

1: Participants should be told what the study was about
2: The reason for any disruption should be clearly explained
3: Any negative effects should be minimised or counteracted
4: Any questions from the participants should be answered