7 - ecology whole of topic

Question 1

abitotic factors

Answer 1

moisture levels
light
temp
co2 levels
wind intensity and dircetion
oxygen levels
soil pH

Question 2

biotic factors

Answer 2

new predators
competition
new pathogens
availability for food

Question 3

structural adaptations

Answer 3

body structure - shape/colour
1. arctic fox - white fur camo - predators and prey
2. whales - thick blubber - retain heat
3. camels - thin fat - help lose heat

Question 4

behavioural adaptations

Answer 4

ways organisms behave
migrating to warmer climates

Question 5

functional adaptations

Answer 5

• inside the body eg reproduction/metabloism
• desert animals - conserve water - dont sweat and concentrated piss
• brown bears hibernate over winter - lowers metabloism - conserves energy so they dont have to hunt when there isnt as much food

Question 6

extremophiles

Answer 6

high temp
high salt
high pressure

Question 7

whats biomass

Answer 7

a measure of the total mass of living material in each trophic level

Question 8

environmental changes that effect the distribution of species

Answer 8

water availability
temp
atmospheric gasses

Question 9

water cycle

Answer 9

transpiration and evaporation
condensation and precipiation

Question 10

whats decay

Answer 10

• break down of dead matter by microorganisms
• fastest in warm/moist/aerobic conditions
• decay puts stuff back into soil that plants need to grow eg mineral ions

Question 11

carbon cycle

Answer 11

• photosynthesis removes co2
• plants respire and some returned
• animals eat plants and it moves through food chain
• animals respire and some returned
• animals die and microorganisms feed on their remains
• these respire and co2 is returned
• combustion of wood for fossil fuels releases co2
• so carbon constantly being recycled

Question 12

whats compost

Answer 12

decomposed organic matter used as natural fertiliser for crops

Question 13

what effects the rate of decay

Answer 13

1. temp - the warmer the faster but not too hot - enzymes
2. oxygen - more oxygen - more they can respire - faster decay
3. water - moist v good
4. number of decay organisms - the moor the faster

Question 14

whats biogas

Answer 14

• made of methane and burned as a fuel
• made by decaying plant and animal waste anaerobically
• made in a digester or generator
• need to be kept at constant temp

Question 15

batch biogas generator

Answer 15

makes biogas in small batches
manually loaed up w waste

Question 16

continuous biogas generators

Answer 16

makes biogas all the time
waste continuously fed in
biogas produced at steady rate

Question 17

investigating the effect of temp on the rate of decay practical

Answer 17

• add lipase to test tube
• add milk to dif test tube
• add 5 drops of phenolphthalein to milk
• add sodium carbonate to this milk tube - alkali = goes pink
• both tubes in water bath at 30 degrees
• use a pipette and put the milk into the lipase and star stopwatch
• stir and the enzyme will star to decompose milk
• when solution loses its pink colour stop clock and record how long it took
• repeat at different temps
• calculate the rate - 1000/time

Question 18

water waste

Answer 18

sewage and toxic chemicals frok industries can pollute lakes river and oceans and effect the wildlife or poison locals

Question 19

land waste

Answer 19

toxic chemicals in pesticides etc
household waste in landfill
nuclear waste undergroud

Question 20

air pollution

Answer 20

smoke and acidic gases - sulphur dioxide - acid rain

Question 21

what are peat bogs

Answer 21

acidic and waterlogged land
plants that dont fully decay when they die bc there sint enough oxygen
carbon is stored in it
gets rained for fuels and usage of the field
when it gets drained the microorganisms respire bc of oxygen which releases co2

Question 22

how to maintain biodiversity

Answer 22

• breeding programmes
• programmes protect coral reefs
• reintroduce hedgerows and field margins
• gov laws to reduce deforestation

Question 23

trophic levels 1,2,3,4

Answer 23

1. producers - make their own food photosynthesis - plants or algae
2. primary consumer - herbivore
3. secondary consumer - carnivore - eats 1,2
4. tertiary consumer - carnivore - apex predator

Question 24

what are decomposers

Answer 24

bacteria and fungi
decompose dead plant and animal waste
release enzymes that break the dead stuff down into food molecules which diffuse into the microoragnisms

Question 25

reasons why biomass is lost between levels on a pyramid

Answer 25

• don’t eat all of it eg bones
• ## don’t absorb all of it eg faeces

Question 26

how do you calculate how much has biomass has been transferred - equation

Answer 26

biomass transferred to next level / biomass available on prev level x 100

Question 27

factors affecting food security

Answer 27

changing diets
conflicts
pests and pathogens
increasing population

Question 28

how to help fish

Answer 28

• gov quotas - limits
• smaller net square sizes - younger fish can escape

Question 29

how to make food production more efficient

Answer 29

• limit movement of livestock - less energy transferred to environment and therefore more energy for growth
  1. live stock eg chickens and claves FACTORY FARMED - small pens
  2. fed high protein food to increase gwoth

Question 30

mycoprotein

Answer 30

used to make high protein meat subs for veggies eq quorn
made from fungus - fusarium
grown in aerobic conditions in a fermenter with glucose syrup as a food source
this is then harvested and purified to make mycoprotein

Question 31

why do we need fertlisers

Answer 31

• When crops are harvested and animals are slaughtered the nutrients they took from the soil are lost.
• To replace these lost nutrients, farmers use natural (e.g. manureand compost) or artificial fertiliser.
• If nutrients are removed but not replaced the soil will eventually lose its ability to grow crops.

Question 32

whats in fertlisers

Answer 32

• nitrates for growth.
• calcium, needed for the production of plant cell walls
• magnesium, which is needed to make chlorophyll