2 - organisation whole topic

Question 1

whats a cell, tissue, organ and organ system

Answer 1

cell - basic building blocks that make up all living organisms
tissue - similar cells working together for a particular function
organ - different tissues work together for a certain function
organ system - group of organs working together for a certain function

Question 2

whats a catalyst

Answer 2

speeds up the rate of reaction without being changed or used up

Question 3

effect of pH on enzyme activity - practical

Answer 3

• add iodine in spotting tile
• bunsen burner heat water
• add amyalyse/starch and pH solution to test tube
• pipette into spots every 20 secs
• stop when they stop turning black

Question 4

how to calculate rate of raction

Answer 4

rate = 100/time

Question 5

starch

Answer 5

starch –amylase–> maltose
- salivary glands
- pancreas
- small intestine

Question 6

proteins

Answer 6

proteins —protease–> amino acids
- stomach
- pancrease
- small intestine

Question 7

lipids

Answer 7

lipid —lipase–> glycerol&3FA
- pancreas
- small intestine

Question 8

role of bile and where

Answer 8

• produced in liver, stored in gall bladder
• bile is alkali so neutralises the HCl acid in stomach
• emulsifies fats - breaks them down

Question 9

Benedict’s solution

Answer 9

• reducing sugars
• water bath
• blue —> brick red

Question 10

iodine solution

Answer 10

• starch
• browny-orange —-> blue/black

Question 11

biuret test

Answer 11

• proteins
• blue —-> purple

Question 12

Sudan III test

Answer 12

• lipids
• top layer brick red

Question 13

process of breathing through lungs and where are they

Answer 13

• in thorax - top part of your bod
• protected by rib cage
• breath in air goes through trachea then splits into bronchi one going to each lung when contains the alveoli - gas exchane

Question 14

alveoli

Answer 14

• gas exchange
• blood passing next to alveoli has lots of co2 and no oxygen
• oxygen diffuses out the alveoli and into blood
• co2 diffuses out the blood and into the alveoli to be breathed out

Question 15

heart peacemaker - natural and aritifical

Answer 15

• ur heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium wall - pacemaker
• send electrical impulses to muscle cells so they contract
• artificial pacemaker - controls heartbeat if ur natural cells dont work properly - electrical current

Question 16

red blood cells

Answer 16

• carry oxygen from lungs to all cells in the bod
• biconcave disc - large surface area for absorbing oxygen
• no nucleus - more space for oxygen absorption
• contain red pigment - haemoglobin

Question 17

WBC

Answer 17

• change shape to consume pathogens - phagocytosis
• produce antibodies and antitoxins to kill pathogens
• do have a nucleus

Question 18

platelets

Answer 18

• small fragments of cells
• no nucleus
• clot to stop blood pouring out and stop pathogens getting in

Question 19

plasma

Answer 19

carries everything in blood - pale liquid
- RBC/WBC/platelets
- glucose and amino acids
- co2
- urea
- hormones
- proteins

Question 20

whats coronary heart disease

Answer 20

when your coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscles of your heart gets blocked by layers of fatty material building up

Question 21

stents

Answer 21

• cure for coronary heart disease
• tubes inside artery to open it up so blood can pass through and keep the heart beating
• effective for a long time, recovery time quick, reduces risk of heart attack
• surgery - risk of infection - blood clot near stent = thrombosis

Question 22

statins

Answer 22

• cure for coronary heart disease
• statins reduce cholesterol levels in thr blood
  pros: reduces risk of HA and CHD
  cons: long term , taken regularly, bad side effects eg kidney failure, effect isnt instant

Question 23

artificial heart

Answer 23

• mechanical devices pump blood if ur heart has failed
• temporary fix - heart transplant
• less likely to be rejected
• surgery to get it - bleeding, infection, blood clots bc it doesn’t flow through heart smoothly

Question 24

what happens when ur valves stop working

Answer 24

• damaged or weaken from heart attacks, infection, old age
• valve wont open properly
• can be leaky - blood flow in both directions

Question 25

how do you treat a faulty valve

Answer 25

• replace with a biological valve - taken from a human or mammal
• replace with a mechanical valve -

Question 26

artificial blood

Answer 26

• blood substitute to replace the lost volume of blood
• safe (if no air bubbles) and keeps ppl alive - need for a blood transfusion later on

Question 27

how are communicable disease caused

Answer 27

bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi

Question 28

NON communicable disease examples

Answer 28

asthma, cancer, CHD

Question 29

risk factors that CAUSE disease DIRECTLY

Answer 29

• smoking
• drinking
• exposure to radiation

Question 30

risk factors that INCREASE THE RISK disease

Answer 30

• lifestyle - exercise
• environment - air pollution

Question 31

how is cancer caused

Answer 31

uncontrolled cell growth and division which changes the cell and results in a tumour (mass of cells)

Question 32

benign and malignant tumours

Answer 32

benign - tumour stays in one place - not dangerous/cancerous
malignant - spreads to close-by tissues and breaks off and travels through bloodstream —> secondary tumours - dangerous/ cancerous

Question 33

risk factors for cancer

Answer 33

• smoking : lung cancer
• obesity : liver/kidney cancer
• UV exposure : skin cancer
• viral infection : sex/ sharing needles

Question 34

mechanical valve

Answer 34

• last longer
• blood clots surgery - long term medication to prevent this

Question 35

biological valve

Answer 35

• need replacement
• could be rejected
• risks of surgery

Question 36

mechanical vs biological heart

Answer 36

mech - temporary fix - dont work well - wont be rejected
bio - ages to find donor bc cant use pig or cow and might be rejected