3 - infestion and response

Question 1

protists

Answer 1

• eukaryotes
• single cells

Question 2

how can pathogens be spread

Answer 2

water
air
dircet contact

Question 3

3 viral diseases

Answer 3

measles
HIV
TMV

Question 4

mealses

Answer 4

• spread through sneezing - droplets
• skin rash /fever
• most ppl vaccinated tho

Question 5

HIV

Answer 5

• spread through sex or exchanging body fluids - needles
• flu-like symptoms
• antiretroviral drugs

Question 6

TMV

Answer 6

tobacco mosaic virus
- affects plants/tomatoes
- causes discolouration on leaves - cant photosynthesis - stunted growth

Question 7

about a fungal disease - what, cause, spread, solution

Answer 7

rose black spot
- purple/black spots on a rose leaf - turn yellow and drop off
- less photosynthesis - stunted growth
- spread through water or wind
- treated with fungicides or stripping infected leaves

Question 8

disease caused by protist

Answer 8

• malaria
• mosquitoes - vector and inserts protist into blood vessles
• causes fevers - fatal
• destroy breeding sites / insecticides/mosquito nets

Question 9

2 bacterial diseases

Answer 9

salmonella
gonorrhoea

Question 10

salmonella

Answer 10

• its a bacteria that causes food poisoning - vomit/diarrhoea/ fever/cramps
• uncooked chicken
• chickens and turkeys have a vaccination in the uk

Question 11

gonorrhoea

Answer 11

• STD
• pain when peeing/yellow discharge from vagina /penis
• treated with penicillin- but now its resistant
• prevent - condom - barrier

Question 12

how to prevent the spread of dieases

Answer 12

• hygienic
• vaccines
• isolate infected person
  destroy vector

Question 13

features of the body’s defence system

Answer 13

• skin - barrier to pathogens
• hairs and mucus - trap pathogens
• trachea and bronchi lined with CILIA - waft mucus
• stomach - hydrochloric acid - kills pathogens

Question 14

3 steps - immune system response

Answer 14

1. WBC engulf foreign cell and digest them - PHAGOCYTOSIS
2. WBC produces antibodies that bind to specific antigen - b lymphocytes and destroys
3. now you are immune and you body will recognise if it ever comes again

Question 15

vaccines

Answer 15

• inject dead/inactive pathogens that carry antigens causing your WBCs to produce antibodies to attack them

Question 16

pros and cons to vaccines

Answer 16

PROS
- illiminates diseases - eg smallpox
- helps epidemics

CONS
- dont walways work
- side effects - rashes /reactions

Question 17

relieving symptoms drugs

Answer 17

• painkillers

Question 18

cure the problem drugs - anitbiotics

Answer 18

antibiotics
- only kill infections caused by bacteria
- kill bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells
- don’t destroy viruses bc they reproduce using your body cells

Question 19

drugs that come from plants

Answer 19

aspirin - willow
digitalis - foxgloves

Question 20

stages in drug testing

Answer 20

1. test on human cells and tissue
2. live animals - efficacy/toxicity/dosage
3. 2 Dif live mammals - cruel???
4. healthy volunteers - side effects? optimum dosage
5. done - unwell ppl

Question 21

whats double blind testing

Answer 21

• one patient given real drug
• one patient given placebo
• patients don’t know who and doctor doesn’t either

Question 22

what are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 22

lots of identical clones of a B - lymphocyte (WBC) which bind to one specific anitgen

Question 23

how do you get so many cones of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 23

• get a tumor cell - divides very fast
• fuse tumor cell and b lymphocyte
• creates a HYDRIDOMA

Question 24

what do pregnancy tests detect

Answer 24

the hormone HCG only found in a pregnant womans pee

Question 25

how do pregnancy tests work

Answer 25

1. the part of the stick you wee on has antibodies to HCG with blue beads attached to it
2. the test strip has more of these HCG hormones stuck down so they can’t move
3. IF YOUR PREGNANT: the HCG hormone in your pee binds to the antibodies on the blue beads and carries them up the stick with the pee and turn the strip blue
4. IF YOUR NOT PREGNANT: pee moves up the stick carrying blue beads but they won’t stick to anything and so it doesn’t go blue

Question 26

how can monocolonal anitbodies be used in labs/reasearch

Answer 26

1. bind to hormones and chemicals in blood to measure their levels
2. test blood samples for pathogens
3. locate molecules in a cell/tissue - fluorescent dye

Question 27

problems with monoclonal anitbodies

Answer 27

side effects - vomiting/ low blood pressure

Question 28

monoclonal antibodies for treatments

Answer 28

cancer
- monoclonal antibodies can bind to tumour markers
- then anti-cancer drugs can be attached to these to stop the cells growing/dividing
- this is given to patient through drip
- this kills cancer cells but doesn’t kill the normal body cells around it - not many side effects

Question 29

plant definiencies

Answer 29

1. nitrates - needed for proteins for growth - stunted growth
2. magnesium ions - needed to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis - chlorosis - yellow leaves - stunted growth

Question 30

how to indenify plant dieases

Answer 30

• google it online
• send to a lab
• use test kits with monoclonal anitbodies

Question 31

plants physical barrier

Answer 31

• waxy cuticle - stop pathogens
• cell walls - made from cellulose
• layers of dead cells around stems - bark

Question 32

plants chemical defences

Answer 32

• antibacterial chemicals - kill bacteria
• poisons - foxgloves

Question 33

plants mechanical defences

Answer 33

• thorns/hairs
• stop animals touching r eating them
• mimicing
• drooping or curling