3 - infestion and response Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

protists

A
  • eukaryotes
  • single cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how can pathogens be spread

A

water
air
dircet contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 viral diseases

A

measles
HIV
TMV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

mealses

A
  • spread through sneezing - droplets
  • skin rash /fever
  • most ppl vaccinated tho
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

HIV

A
  • spread through sex or exchanging body fluids - needles
  • flu-like symptoms
  • antiretroviral drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

TMV

A

tobacco mosaic virus
- affects plants/tomatoes
- causes discolouration on leaves - cant photosynthesis - stunted growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

about a fungal disease - what, cause, spread, solution

A

rose black spot
- purple/black spots on a rose leaf - turn yellow and drop off
- less photosynthesis - stunted growth
- spread through water or wind
- treated with fungicides or stripping infected leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

disease caused by protist

A
  • malaria
  • mosquitoes - vector and inserts protist into blood vessles
  • causes fevers - fatal
  • destroy breeding sites / insecticides/mosquito nets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 bacterial diseases

A

salmonella
gonorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

salmonella

A
  • its a bacteria that causes food poisoning - vomit/diarrhoea/ fever/cramps
  • uncooked chicken
  • chickens and turkeys have a vaccination in the uk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gonorrhoea

A
  • STD
  • pain when peeing/yellow discharge from vagina /penis
  • treated with penicillin- but now its resistant
  • prevent - condom - barrier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how to prevent the spread of dieases

A
  • hygienic
  • vaccines
  • isolate infected person
    destroy vector
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

features of the body’s defence system

A
  • skin - barrier to pathogens
  • hairs and mucus - trap pathogens
  • trachea and bronchi lined with CILIA - waft mucus
  • stomach - hydrochloric acid - kills pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

3 steps - immune system response

A
  1. WBC engulf foreign cell and digest them - PHAGOCYTOSIS
  2. WBC produces antibodies that bind to specific antigen - b lymphocytes and destroys
  3. now you are immune and you body will recognise if it ever comes again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

vaccines

A
  • inject dead/inactive pathogens that carry antigens causing your WBCs to produce antibodies to attack them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pros and cons to vaccines

A

PROS
- illiminates diseases - eg smallpox
- helps epidemics

CONS
- dont walways work
- side effects - rashes /reactions

17
Q

relieving symptoms drugs

A
  • painkillers
18
Q

cure the problem drugs - anitbiotics

A

antibiotics
- only kill infections caused by bacteria
- kill bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells
- don’t destroy viruses bc they reproduce using your body cells

19
Q

drugs that come from plants

A

aspirin - willow
digitalis - foxgloves

20
Q

stages in drug testing

A
  1. test on human cells and tissue
  2. live animals - efficacy/toxicity/dosage
  3. 2 Dif live mammals - cruel???
  4. healthy volunteers - side effects? optimum dosage
  5. done - unwell ppl
21
Q

whats double blind testing

A
  • one patient given real drug
  • one patient given placebo
  • patients don’t know who and doctor doesn’t either
22
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

lots of identical clones of a B - lymphocyte (WBC) which bind to one specific anitgen

23
Q

how do you get so many cones of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • get a tumor cell - divides very fast
  • fuse tumor cell and b lymphocyte
  • creates a HYDRIDOMA
24
Q

what do pregnancy tests detect

A

the hormone HCG only found in a pregnant womans pee

25
Q

how do pregnancy tests work

A
  1. the part of the stick you wee on has antibodies to HCG with blue beads attached to it
  2. the test strip has more of these HCG hormones stuck down so they can’t move
  3. IF YOUR PREGNANT: the HCG hormone in your pee binds to the antibodies on the blue beads and carries them up the stick with the pee and turn the strip blue
  4. IF YOUR NOT PREGNANT: pee moves up the stick carrying blue beads but they won’t stick to anything and so it doesn’t go blue
26
Q

how can monocolonal anitbodies be used in labs/reasearch

A
  1. bind to hormones and chemicals in blood to measure their levels
  2. test blood samples for pathogens
  3. locate molecules in a cell/tissue - fluorescent dye
27
Q

problems with monoclonal anitbodies

A

side effects - vomiting/ low blood pressure

28
Q

monoclonal antibodies for treatments

A

cancer
- monoclonal antibodies can bind to tumour markers
- then anti-cancer drugs can be attached to these to stop the cells growing/dividing
- this is given to patient through drip
- this kills cancer cells but doesn’t kill the normal body cells around it - not many side effects

29
Q

plant definiencies

A
  1. nitrates - needed for proteins for growth - stunted growth
  2. magnesium ions - needed to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis - chlorosis - yellow leaves - stunted growth
30
Q

how to indenify plant dieases

A
  • google it online
  • send to a lab
  • use test kits with monoclonal anitbodies
31
Q

plants physical barrier

A
  • waxy cuticle - stop pathogens
  • cell walls - made from cellulose
  • layers of dead cells around stems - bark
32
Q

plants chemical defences

A
  • antibacterial chemicals - kill bacteria
  • poisons - foxgloves
33
Q

plants mechanical defences

A
  • thorns/hairs
  • stop animals touching r eating them
  • mimicing
  • drooping or curling