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IP 11 Theriogenology > 7: Anatomy and Embryology of FM > Flashcards

7: Anatomy and Embryology of FM Flashcards

1
Q

requirements for puberty?

A
  • sexual behavior - receptivity [estrus]
  • ovulation
  • ability to support pregnancy w/o deleterious effects
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2
Q

age at puberty: canine

A

12 mos (6-24)

small dogs - puberty younger

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3
Q

age at puberty: feline

A

8 mos (4-12)

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4
Q

age at puberty: equine

A

18 mos (12-19)

“second spring of her life” [same for M]

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5
Q

age at puberty: bovine

A

11 mos (9-24)

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6
Q

age at puberty: ovine

A

7 mos (4-14)

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7
Q

age at puberty: caprine

A

7 mos (3-8)

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8
Q

age at puberty: porcine

A

6 mos (5-7)

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9
Q

age at puberty: llama

A

6-12 mos

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10
Q

age at puberty: alpaca

A

1 yr

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11
Q

some factors that affect age of puberty:

A
  • BCS / plane of nutrition
  • breed
  • external factors: season of birth, photoperiod during onset of pubergy, presence of M during peri pubertal period, housing/stocking density
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12
Q

what is the threshold body weight a FM must reach to achieve puberty?

A

60-65 % of mature body weight

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13
Q

what effect does presence of boar have on peri pubertal gilt coming into puberty?

A

exposing gilt to boar brings her into heat/puberty earlier

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14
Q

what effect does housing and stocking density have?

A

crowd a little bit (esp gilts) -> b/c stress [low levels] helps mediate coming into puberty

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15
Q

importance of surge and tonic centers in FM brain?

A

to allow for LH surges to occur prior to ovulation

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16
Q

prior to puberty, there is not enough of this hormone to stimulate LH surge

A

e2 (estradiol)

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17
Q

how/why does growth of animal impact puberty?

A

b/c slowing of growth allows for inc glucose, fatty acid and leptin in blood -> stimulates higher frequency of GnRH pulses

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18
Q

changes in tonic center at time of puberty?

A

less sensitive to negative feedback by low e2 levels -> so inc GnRH sec

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19
Q

what does inc GnRH at puberty stimulate? how does this lead to puberty?

A

inc FSH -> drives follicular growth on ovaries -> inc e2 production by follicles

also inc LH -> ovulation -> puberty achieved

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20
Q

what hormones are produced by developing follicles?

A

e2

inhibin

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21
Q

what structure produces inhibin? where does it go? and what kind of feedback loop?

A

follicles produce inhibin

goes to ant pit

negative feedback -> dec LH and FSH sec

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22
Q

e2 is produced by what structure? where does it go? and what type of feedback?

A

produced by follicle

goes to surge center of hypo

positive feedback -> inc sec of GnRH from hypo

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23
Q

seasonality of canine

A

NO

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24
Q

seasonality of feline

A

yes - long day

unless indoor cat - cycles year round when exposed to ambient light

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25
Q

seasonality of equine

A

yes: long day

winter anestrus

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26
Q

seasonality of bovine

A

NO

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27
Q

seasonality of ovine

A

yes: short day

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28
Q

seasonality of caprine

A

yes: short day

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29
Q

seasonality of porcine

A

NO

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30
Q

seasonality of alpaca

A

not in north america…

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31
Q

what hormone mediates seasonality in FM

A

melatonin

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32
Q

where is melatonin released from

A

pineal gland

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33
Q

what stimulates melatonin release

A

darkness

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34
Q

where does melatonin go and what effect does it have?

A

to hypo

stim GnRH sec for short day breeders

…..GnRH -> inc LH, FSH -> cycle

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35
Q

absence of what factor/hormone allows for dev of FM repro sys

A

testis determining factor

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36
Q

what duct system develops into FM repro tract?

A

paramesonephric ducts

mullerian ducts

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37
Q

what tubular structures do the fused paramesonephric/mullerian ducts form?

A

uterine body,
cervix,
portion of Cr vagina

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38
Q

what structures do the unfused paramesonephric/mullerian ducts form?

A

uterine tubes

uterine horns

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39
Q

where do the paramesonephric ducts end caudally? (with what structure)

A

the urogenital sinus

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40
Q

whaat makes up the urogenital sinus?

A

cd vagina

vestibule

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41
Q

what is the narrowing at the juncture of bud and urogenital sinus proper called?

A

vestibulo-vaginal junction

is a sphincter in the mare

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42
Q

functions of ovary

A

gamete production

endocrine gland

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43
Q

what hormones does the ovary produce? and by what structures?

A

follicles - e2 and inhibin

CL - p4

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44
Q

what outer structure surrounds the ovary?

A

tunica albuinea

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45
Q

what comprises the ovarian cortex? where is it located? what species is an exception?

A

oocytes/follicles
CL
corpora albicantia

loc outer area of ovary

mare - loc inside

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46
Q

what is the ovarian medulla? where located? exception?

A

connective tissue (CT)
vasculature
Nn (nerves)

loc on inside area of ovary

mare is exception - loc outside

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47
Q

what unique structure on the mare allows ovulation to occur despite the cortex w the follicles being located on the inside?

A

ovulation fossa

why CL is not palpable - can palpate the follicle protruding and note when it leaves to determine when she ovulates - but cannot palpate the CL itself/directly

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48
Q

what are 4 barriers along the tubular tract

A
  • vulva
  • vestibulo vaginal sphincter
  • cervix
  • utero tubular junction
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49
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

Cr/ovarian end

  • fimbriae
  • forms ovarian bursa in some species
50
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

site of fertilization

mare: unfertilized oocytes remain there

51
Q

3 parts to uterine tube?

A

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus

52
Q

what structure forms the ovarian bursa?

A

infundibulum (species dependent)

53
Q

in what species is ovarian remnant syndrome more common (dog/cat)? why?

A

canine - b/c bitch has ovary encased in substantial bursa (infundibulum) whereas the queen has more exposed ovary

54
Q

what effect does e2 have on the utero tubal junction conformation?

A

UTJ kinks under influence of e2 and “unkinks” with dec e2 -> straightens and allows embryo to enter uterine horn

during this time: greater chance for salpingitis, phosalpinx - b/c of loose sphincter

55
Q

shape of uterus in most domestic animals?

A

bi cornuate uteri

2 uterine horns and a uterine body

56
Q

what determines the length of the uterine body relative to the length of the horns?

A

the degree of fusion btwn the paramesonephric ducts

57
Q

which species have highly developed uterine horns?

A

bitch
queen
sow

58
Q

which species have shorter horns relative to body length of uterus?

A

mare, cow

59
Q

what is the uterine serosa called?

A

perimetrium

60
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

muscular layer of tissue in cervis

61
Q

how many layers are there to the myometrium?

A

2 - outer longitidunal and inner circular

62
Q

what type of muscle is the myometrium?

A

smooth muscle

63
Q

why are myometrial contractions important?

A

facilitate sperm transport, evacuation post breeding and fetal delivery

64
Q

what type of contraction draws semen to promote pregnancy?

A

retrograde

65
Q

what is superficial lining of uterus called?

A

endometrium

66
Q

what are the layers of the endometrium?

A

sub mucosa and mucosa

67
Q

function of endometrium?

A

nourishment of pre attachment embryo

maternal contribution to placenta

PGF2a secretion

68
Q

what is function of uterine milk glands?

where are they loc?

A

nourishment of pre attachment embryo

loc in endometrium

69
Q

what is general role of PGF2a in FM?

A

control cyclicity

70
Q

unique feature of cow uterus

A

caruncles

71
Q

unique appearance of mare uterus

A

about 7 longitudinal endometrial folds

72
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

extension of peritoneum - surrounds repro organs and suspends them from dorso lateral body wall

73
Q

what covers the ovary?

A

mesovarium

74
Q

what covers the uterine tube?

A

mesosalpinx

75
Q

what covers the mesometrium

A

uterus

76
Q

due to the nature of attachment of the broad ligament, what kind of mobility does the bovine and equine have?

A

bovine - high

equine - low

77
Q

2 types of cervices?

A

fibrous and muscular

78
Q

what animals have a fibrous cervix?

A

ruminants

sow

79
Q

what animals have a muscular cervix?

A

mare

camelid

80
Q

what is the orientation of tissue impinging upon the canal in ruminants and sows?

A

transverse rings

81
Q

what is the orientation of tissue impinging upon the canal in mare?

A

longitudinal rings

82
Q

what are the functions of the cervix?

A

mucus production - lubrication during copulation, flushing of foreign material

conduit - barrier to sperm transport in some species

isolation of uterus from external environment during pregnancy

83
Q

anatomy of cow cervix?

A

3 annular folds

84
Q

anatomy of ewe cervix?

A

5 eccentrically positioned cervical rings

85
Q

anatomy of sow cervix?

A

multiple inter digitating rings forming a spiral

86
Q

anatomy of mare cervix?

A

longitudinal cervical folds

87
Q

anatomy of bitch cervix?

A

smooth, w/o rings or folds
prominent vaginal portion
large fornix area with small hole located ventrally (hard to find)

88
Q

vagina functions

A

copulatory organ

birth canal

89
Q

vaginal fornix anatomy

which species have one?

A

formed by protrusion of Cd portion of cervix, into cranial vagina

cow, mare, dog

90
Q

anatomy of bitch vagina

A

paracervix and paracervical tunnel

vagina narrows (2/3) b/c dorso median ridge impinges on canal
opens into fornix cranially
91
Q

vestibulo vaginal junction in mare - function?

A

2nd barrier to contamination

incompetence following foaling injury may contribute to pneumovaina [wind sucking]

92
Q

what are borders of vestibule?

A

from vestibule vaginal jxn (just Cr to external urethral orifice) to vulva

93
Q

functions of vestibule?

A 
copulaltory organ (constrictor vastibuli muscles)
opening of urethra
94
Q

what are vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands?

pathology? in what species?

A

mucus like secretions during estrus

may become cystic in cattle

95
Q

what is the perineum?

A

covering of pelvic outlet

area around anus and vulva

96
Q

vulva function?

A
  • Cd most barrier to repro tract contamination

- physical barrier comprised by labia and constrictor vulvae muscles

97
Q

in what species is vulva responsive to hormonal stimulation?

A

bitch and sow

98
Q

what do constrictor vulvae muscles do?

A

contract around the penis after intromission to promote ejaculation

99
Q

perineum/vulva of mare conformation?

A

normal: 1/3-1/2 of cleft length dorsal to ischiatic arch

vertical orientation

100
Q

why is poor perineal conformation in mare problematic?

A 
predisposes to pneumovagina
-> 
bacT contamination of the Cd repro tract
->
endometritis
101
Q

recessed vulva/perineum conformation of bitch?

A
  • congenital or overweight bitches

- moist environment favors growth of bacT and yeast -> perivulvar dermatitis -> UTIs

102
Q

why is ventrally positioned orientation of bitch problematic?

A

predisposes to problems with natural mating

103
Q

common problem with vulva/perineum of alpaca? also common with dogs

A

hypoplastic vulva

alpaca orifice may be like a pin point

104
Q

anatomy and function of clitoris

A

FM homologue of penis

fxn not known

105
Q

significance of clitoris when breeding bitch and cow?

A

stimulate for cow and dog during AI to inc preg rate

in dog, called feathering

106
Q

in the mare, loc and fxn of clitoral fossa?

A

loc ventral to glans clitoris

houses glans clitoris

107
Q

clitoral sinus loc and fxn?

A

loc dorsal to glans clitoris

may harbor pathogenic bacT

108
Q

what is segmental aplasia?

A
  • absence of portions of tubular repro tract
  • mucoid fluid accumulates proximal to occlusion
  • imperforate hymen
109
Q

what species is segmental aplasia most common?

A

cattle

white heifer dz - assoc w white coat color

110
Q

what is freemartinism?

A

heifer calves born co-twin to bull calves

vascular anastomosis of chorioallantoic membranes so that AMH, TDF and testosterone from M reach FM fetus during organogenesis of repro sys

111
Q

why does free martinism affect the FM development?

A

b/c testicles develop first

112
Q

what is the sex chromosome chimera that occurs with freemartinism?

A

XX/XY - exchange of hematopoietic blood and germ cells btwn feti via common blood supply

113
Q

what developmental defects occur with freemartinism?

A

segmental aplasia

gonad development range from ovaries with no oocytes to testes like organs

114
Q

clinical signs of freemartinism?

A

fail to become pregnant [sterile]
small vulva with long hairs
FM act “bullish” and appear more masculine or bull like

115
Q

dx freemartinism?

A

vaginal length measurement - test tube measurement
palpate
u/s
genetic testing

116
Q

MC congenital anatomic abnormalities in vagina and vulva of bitch at vestibulo vaginal junction?

A

vertical trans luminal band [when 2 paramesonephric ducts come together and the common wall where they oppose each other does not break down and remains as septum]
and
circumferential stricture [due to excessive tissue]

117
Q

what is the persistent hymen at the vestibulo vaginal jxn of the mare?

A

embryologic remnant of jxn btwn paramesonephric ducts and urogenital sinus bud

appears like “laying an egg”

118
Q

Tx of persistent hymen in mare?

A

manual rupture under sedation

fertility fine

119
Q

what is cause of intersex conditions of FM clitoris?

A

masculinization of FM feti due to altrenogest administration during preg - canine

120
Q

what is effect of post natal exposure to steroids?

A

androgens in race fillies and bitches - hyperadrenocorticism in bitches

intersex condition in offspring

IP 11 Theriogenology (15 decks)

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