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IP 11 Theriogenology > 10, 11: Clin Exam & Monitor Estrous Cycles > Flashcards

10, 11: Clin Exam & Monitor Estrous Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

4 methods of estrus monitoring

A
  1. behavior observation (for heat detection) [less expensive]
  2. observe physical changes [less expensive]
  3. exam repro tract
  4. measure repro hormones
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2
Q

when observing the FM, what does the clinician take note of?

A

FM to FM interactions

her breeding reflexes

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3
Q

some methods to detect heat:

A

observation
use intact teaser M [unable to achieve intromission]
use surgically altered M [has libido but cannot achieve intromission]
misc: pedometers, feed intake, etc

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4
Q

what is a gomer bull?

A

surgically latered M with his penis deviated to the side so he can urinate but cannot impregnate FM

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5
Q

what physical changes can be observed for a FM in estrus?

A

edema and hyperemia of vulva

presence and change of appearance in vulvar discharge

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6
Q

what causes the edema and hyperemia of the vulva?

A

estrogen (e2)

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7
Q

what do changes in the repro tract allow us to “measure” indirectly?

A

changes in repro hormones

specifically, e2 and p4

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8
Q

what parts of the FM repro tract are monitored to detect estrus?

A
  • ovary (ovarian dynamics)
  • u/s appearance and feel of the uterus
  • appearance of cervix and/or vaginal mucosa
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9
Q

in what species is cytologic composition of the vaginal or vestibular epithelum used?

A

dog

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10
Q

what is the MOST DIRECT indicator of estrous cycle status?

A

measurement of repro hormones

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11
Q

why is monitoring estrous cycles via direct hormone levels not done often? and in what species is it most commonly done?

A
  • impractical b/c estrus is rapidly progressing in most species
  • MC done for the bitch
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12
Q

what hormones are measured in the bitch to detect estrus?

A

LH

p4

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13
Q

what is the strongest modulator of sexual behavior in the mare?

A

progesterone (p4)

the presence/absence of p4, more so than the presence of e2, dictates how a mare will respond to the advances of the stallion

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14
Q

in what stages of the estrous cycle is the mare in heat?

A

pro estrus and estrus

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15
Q

when a mare is in heat, what are relative levels of p4 and e2?

A

p4 absent

e2 high

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16
Q

what days of the cycle is the horse in estrus?

A

days 3-7

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17
Q

what physical signs are noted when the mare is in heat?

A

arches back and lifts tail
postures and urinates [breaks down]
‘welcomes’ advances of stallion, approaches stallion, reluctant to leave stallion

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18
Q

how long post ovulation might a mare demonstrate estrus?

A

48 hours post ovulation

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19
Q

why does a mare continue to show heat after ovulation

A

b/c e2 levels are still high

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20
Q

what are signs of diestrus in mare?

A
  • rejects advances of stallion
  • pin ears
  • clamp or twitch tail
  • move away from stallion
  • kicks
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21
Q

what are relative hormone levels for mare in anestrus?

A

p4 absent

e2 low

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22
Q

what is vernal transition? what are hormone levels during this time?

A
  • when p4 absent and e2 high
  • frequent intervals of receptivity about every 10 days corresponding w developing follicular waves, before first ovulation of the season occurs
  • may be more constant in som mares, for 2 mos before 1st ovulation of season occurs
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23
Q

what are most preferred method of teasing a mare?

and what are less desirable methods?

A
  • along tease rail with mare in chute and stallion in paddock
  • mare in stall, stallion outside
  • stallion in tease box, mare outside
  • direct close contact or over a fence are less desirable
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24
Q

what are issues with group teasing in mares with a stallion confined to a small enclosure w/in a pasture or along a fence line?

A
  • confounded by social hierarchy amongst mares -> submissive mares may NOT get opportunity to get close enough to express heat
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25
Q

teaser stallion management: what is key to prevent stallion from becoming bored or restless and “souring”?

A

let him breed every once in a while

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26
Q

why might a mare fail to demonstrate estrus?

A
  • young maiden mare
  • mare w foal by her side
  • mare resents individual stallions [many do not like grey stallions]
  • stallion NOT adequately expressive to elicit behavior for mare
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27
Q

how is repro tract of mare evaluated?

A
  • palpation per rectum

- transrectal ultrasonography

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28
Q

what is the industry standard for examining the repro tract of mare?

A

transrectal ultrasonography

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29
Q

what signs are seen on u/s?

A

estrogenized uterus

size of follicle

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30
Q

what is extremely important to do before rectal palpation of mare?

A

inform owner of risk - informed consent

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31
Q

what are appropriate methods of restraint during rectal palpation of mare?

A

stocks
lip twitch
sedation

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32
Q

what is the technique for rectal palpation in the mare?

A
  • locate cervix on pelvic floor
  • grasp cranial margin of uterus
  • follow cranial margin to ovary
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33
Q

what is the risk associated with rectal palpation?

A

iatrogenic rectal tear

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34
Q

what is the indication that a rectal tear has occurred?

A

blood on palpation sleeve

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35
Q

how is the severity of a rectal tear evaluated?

A

speculum examination

bare are examination

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36
Q

what grade has the worst prognosis? why?

A

grade 4

b/c mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa is torn -> into peritoneum or retro peritoneal space

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37
Q

what is the risk of using antimicrobials to treat a low grade rectal tear?

A

colitis

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38
Q

during estrus, what are the characteristics of the uterus, cervix and ovaries?

A

uterus = flaccid and edematous

cervix = soft, flat with palpable canal, short

ovaries = dominant follicle, follicles of smaller sizes

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39
Q

what are characteristics of the mare uterus, cervix and ovaries during diestrus?

A

uterus: well demarcated, firm, tubular
cervix: well demarcated, toned, tubular, long
ovaries: follicles of various sizes

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40
Q

transrectal u/s of mare uterus and ovaries during estrus?

A

uterus: anechoic w prominent hyerpechoic endometrial folds
ovaries: dominant follicles, multiple other sized follicles

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41
Q

transrectal u/s of mare uterus and ovaries during diestrus?

A

relatively homogenously echoic

ovaries: follicles of various sizes, CL

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42
Q

what makes a follicle appear echoic?

A

b/c it contains blood

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43
Q

what makes a follicle appear anechoic?

A

contains fluid

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44
Q

why is measuring repro hormones NOT done routinely on mare to detect estrus?

A

b/c lag time btwn obtaining a sample and receiving results from laboratory

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45
Q

what physical signs may be seen for a mare in estrus?

A
  • nothing obvious physically - look at behavior

- she may have some dried urine crystals at ventral vulvar commissure

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46
Q

what is a FM alpaca called?

A

hembra

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47
Q

during what phase is the hembra receptive to the macho? what does her hormone profile look like?

A

follicular phase

p4 absent

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48
Q

what behavior does the hembra show when she is receptive?

A

interest in macho
interacts - does not flee or spit on him
kushes nearby a breeding pair
will readily kush for macho and allow mating

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49
Q

what must occur for a hembra to develop a CL?

A

she must be bred

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50
Q

what hormone will be absent unless she is bred?

A

p4

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51
Q

what phase is the hembra not receptive? what hormone is present?

A

luteal phase

p4 present

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52
Q

how does hembra act when not receptive? (in luteal phase)

A

no interest in macho
spits and flees the male
will not kush for macho

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53
Q

social factors regarding hembra mating: if receptive, why might a FM not kush for M?

A

if she is older and he is younger / inexperienced

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54
Q

challenges with transrectal u/s on hembra?

A

small hand required

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55
Q

what method is better than hand for exam of hembra reproductive tract?

A

rectal probe on an extension

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56
Q

what size follicles of a hembra can be induced to ovulate?

A

6-8 mm

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57
Q

what is looked at on u/s exam of hembra repro tract?

A
  • presence and diameter of follicles
  • endometrial edema
  • free fluid in uterine lumen (inappropriate)
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58
Q

what level of which hormone indicates presence of CL on hembra?

A

over 2 ng/mL of p4

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59
Q

what does presence of CL in hembra indicate?

A

that she ovulated

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60
Q

what is most widely used indicator of pregnancy for hembra?

A

presence of CL

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61
Q

what type of cycle/ovulation does a hembra have?

A

induced ovulator

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62
Q

what behavior does sow show when in heat?

A

dec appetite

interest in boar

vocalization and “ear popping”

lordosis

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63
Q

what type of exposure to boar is necessary for sow to show interest?

A

minimum distance btwn sow and boar - direct contact or parading of boar past her
at least 5 mins exposure
boar introduced as novel - so he must be housed away from sows for most of time

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64
Q

what is lordosis? how is it elicited from sow?

why might she become refractory?

A
  • flexing of back Mm
  • if constant, due to continual exposure during estrus, she may get muscular fatigue resulting in her being refractory to stimulation
  • stim by back pressure test
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65
Q

what changes occur to vulva in FM pig? is it more prominent in gilt or sow?

A

edema and hyperemia

more prominent in gilt

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66
Q

how often is measurement of hormones used in FM pig estrus monitoring?

A

not routinely used

67
Q

how often is repro tract exam used to monitor estrus cycle of pig?

A

not routinely used

68
Q

MC practiced estrus monitoring in diary industry?

A

heat detection - behavior observation

69
Q

T/F - majority of dairies utilize a bull primarily for breeding

A

FALSE - dairy bulls are dangerous

only 40% utilize bulls and they are NOT primary means of breeding - they are secondary “clean up” bulls, if AI fails

70
Q

T/F - majority of beef operations use primarily bull for breeding

A

TRUE - 80% beef heifers and 95% beef cows exposed ONLY to bull for breeding

71
Q

what is cow hormone profile during proestrus?

A

e2 inc and p4 absent

72
Q

cow behavior during proestrus?

A

restlessness
dec feed intake
dec milk prod
mounting / “riding” FM that are in estrus

73
Q

what stage is mounter and cow being mounted in?

A

mounter is in pro estrus

cow being mounted is in estrus

74
Q

cow hormone profile in estrus?

A

high e2 and absent p4

75
Q

cow behavior in estrus?

A

inc activity, vocalization (balling), stands to be mounted by other FMs and/or the bull

76
Q

how efficient is estrus detection?

A

it is inefficient

60% of cows are seen in heat
20% of inseminations are performed at incorrect time

77
Q

how long does standing estrus last in cow?

A

14-18 hours

78
Q

MC time for cow to express estrus?

A

6am and 6pm

AM / PM rule

79
Q

why is behavior observation difficult for producers?

A

labor intensive
boring
best times occur during family times (AM and PM)

80
Q

% FM detected in heat related to what?

A
  • frequency and duration of observation periods

1 x 20-30 mins = 50%
2 x 20-30 mins = 80%
3-4 x 20-30 mins = 95%

81
Q

expression of estrus in cattle impeded by what factors?

A
  • inc ambient temp
  • small number FM in heat at same time
  • poor footing
  • lameness
  • low ceilings in old barns
82
Q

what heat detection aids exist to supplement visual observation?

A
  • talk pain / chalk - put on tail head and is rubbed off when she is mounted
  • heat detection patches - mounting activity rubs off top scratch off layer to reveal bright color
  • heat watch 2 and pedometer technology - more expensive - tell what cow mounted and how often and for how long
83
Q

how can teaser bulls be used to aid in heat detection via behavioral observation? what procedures are done to alter them?

A

still have testosterone

  • penile translocation - cannot achieve intromission or bransmit venereal dz
  • vasectomy - renders infertile
  • marking device worn
84
Q

how are androgenized cows/heifers or steers used?

A
  • steer has translocation sx and is given androgens

- good use of freemartin heifer

85
Q

what animals can be used to aid in estrus detection?

A
  • teaser bulls

- androgenized heifers

86
Q

what physical changes occur during estrus in cow?

A

clear mucus vulvar discharge [bull string]
mild vulvar edema and hyperemia
from being mounted: ruffled hair at tail base, saliva over withers, rub marks over pelvic bones

87
Q

physical changes in cow during metestrus? can she still be bred?

A

bloody mucoid vulvar discharge

NO - too late to breed her

88
Q

behavior changes are no longer sole means of determining estrus due to development of what?

A

estrus synchronization and fixed time AI programs

89
Q

T/F - exam of repro tract is routinely performed in cattle

A

FALSE - not routinely performed

90
Q

during estrus, rectal palpation in cow shows what?

A
  • firm, edematous “toned” uterus

- large follicle

91
Q

T/F - during estrus, measurement of repro hormones is routinely performed in cattle

A

FALSE - NOT routinely performed

92
Q

what hormones can be measured in cattle to detect estrus?

A

p4 - at time of insemination

93
Q

when is estrus detection relevant in doe?

A

for in hand breeding or AI breeding

94
Q

what are primary methods of estrus monitoring in doe?

A 
behavioral observation (may use teaser buck)
observe physical changes
95
Q

at what point in observation does breeding occur in does?

A

at observed estrus

96
Q

how long do behavioral signs of estrus last in the doe?

A

12-48 hours

97
Q

what behavioral changes can be seen in doe at estrus?

A
  • pace along fence near buck
  • stand to be investigated by buck
  • urinates frequently
  • vocalizes
  • lifts and rapidly wags tail [“flagging”]
98
Q

if a doe is in heat and smells the buck scent (even if it is on a rag), what sign will she show?

A

flagging

flag her tail

99
Q

physical changes seen in doe at estrus:

A
  • edema and hyperemia of vulva (sometimes)

- mucoid cervical discharge (seen best thru speculum)

100
Q

with what sign is needed to breed the doe?

A

mucus present on vaginal speculum examination

101
Q

what will mucus look like during estrus?

A

cloudy [and becomes more viscous]

  • is clear before estrus and cloudy at estrus
102
Q

if mucus after vaginal speculum is clear, the doe is in estrus?

A

NO -> it is before estrus

- mucus will be cloudy when she is in estrus

103
Q

what are behavioral manifestations of estrus in ewe?

how long do they last?

A
  • seeks out ram
  • allow ram to investigate
  • may urinate

30-36 hours

104
Q

why is behavioral changes in ewe at estrus difficult?

A

vulvar edema is is variable

thin vaginal mucus discharge

105
Q

how widely applied is estrus monitoring in the ewe?

A

NOT widely applied

106
Q

predominant method of breeding in ewes in US?

A

natural service

107
Q

general protocol used when AI used in ewes?

A

estrus synchronization and fixed time surgical insemination

108
Q

when estrus monitoring is used in ewes, what method of estrus monitoring is used predominately?

A

teaser ram - vasectomized or epididectomized

with marking harness or grease paint on chest

109
Q

estrus monitoring protocol in bitch:

A

thorough:

behavior observation
observe physical changes/manifestations of heat
examination of reproductive tract
measurement of reproductive hormones

110
Q

what stages is “heat” used to describe in bitch?

A

beginning of proestrus until end of estrus

111
Q

when does bitch display breeding reflexes?

A
  • strengthen through proestrus and estrus

- disappear during diestrus

112
Q

how can breeding reflexes be elicited from bitch?

A

by male or through stimulated teasing

113
Q

what is the purpose of breeding reflexes in bitch?

A

facilitate “access” for intromission

114
Q

why might expression of breeding reflexes be decreased in bitch?

A

maiden
poorly socialized / anxious
extremely dominant

115
Q

what are breeding reflexes the bitch displays?

A

teasing - playful interaction
tail flagging
vulvar lift [pouting]
lordosis

116
Q

when teasing, if bitch will tease him but sit when he mounts, what stage is she in?

A

pro estrus

117
Q

if bitch will tease and stand for mounting, what stage is she in?

A

estrus

118
Q

what is vulvar life (pouting) in bitch?

A

brings vestibular canal into a straight path with the vagina, allowing for easier intromission into the vagina

119
Q

why does M need straight canal?

A

b/c he has an os penis

120
Q

what is lordosis in bitch?

A

standing heat - bracing for mounting of M; leans towards side of pressure application

121
Q

what physical changes does bitch display in her vulva and is due to what hormonal changes?

A

swelling:
proestrus - size and turgidity inc under influence of e2
estrus - size and turgidity dec as e2 dec [vulva appears wrinkled]

122
Q

describe discharge bitch experiences during estrus - origin? hormonal influences?

A
  • endometrium origin
  • proestrus: serosanguinous under influence of e2
  • estrus: pink/straw colored [seepage subsides w dec e2]
  • diestrus 1: foul, pus like discharge for 12-24 hours
123
Q

how does e2 effect vaginal epithelium? what stage does it occur in bitch?

A

stimulates hyperplasia

proestrus

124
Q

what is the function of vaginal hyperplasia of proestrus in bitch?

A

protective barrier during copuation

125
Q

what are implications of vaginal hyperplasia in bitch for NTs migration?

A

hyperplastic cells are dead - lack desmosomes

NTs cannot migrate through these layers and so do NOT enter the vaginal lumen

126
Q

what stage of estrus in bitch is the vaginal epithelium shed?

A

end of estrus / beginning of diestrus

127
Q

what does vaginal epi of btich look like in anestrus / diestrus?

A

thin
basal level of intermediate and superficial cells

quiescent vagina

128
Q

bitch vaginal cytology procedure:

A
  • moisten swab w physiologic saline
  • obtain sample by gently contacting epithelium on dorsal aspect of vaginal wall, preferably through guarded speculum
  • roll swab on slides
  • allow to air dry
  • stain using Diff Quik
  • examine under 100x light microscopy
129
Q

what is SCI?

A

superficial cell index - vaginal cytology of bitch

% epi cells that are superficial or dead

physical manifestation of degree of estrogenization of the vaginal epithelium -> reflective of stage in estrous cycle

130
Q

how is SCI measured?

A

on cytoloyg slide - count epithelial cells -

NOT RBCs or WBCs - and calculate % dead/superficial cells

131
Q

what do superficial cells look like on cytology?

A

separate cells - unlike alive cells (of intermediate layer) which come off together and in sheets

pyknotic nuclei or anuclear

like corn flakes

132
Q

what do parabasal cells look like on cytology:

A

large nuc: cyto ratio

133
Q

what do intermediate cells look like on cytology?

A

metabolically active, active nucleus, may occur in sheets (b/c alive and connected w desmosomes)

134
Q

what does anestrus / diestrus look like on vaginal cytology of bitch?

same appearance to spayed bitch smear

A

few superficial cells - if any
some parabasal and intermediate cells
amorphous debris
few RBCs

135
Q

bitch vaginal cytology in early pro estrus?

A

inc cellularity overall
few superficial cells
RBCs and some WBCs
debris and maybe bacT

136
Q

why are RBCs and WBCs present during pro estrus in bitch vaginal smear?

is this bad?

A

b/c bacT and NTs migrate out of vasculature of endometrium

RBCs migrate too

do not worry as long as RBCs and WBCs are in proportion with each other

137
Q

bitch vaginal cytoology in proestrus?

A

intermediate cells may come off in sheets
inc SCI
dec WBCs
RBCs variable numbers
dec debris (bacT) - b/c being flushed out by discharge

138
Q

bitch vaginal cytology in late proestrus / early estrus?

A

SCI reaches 100% prior to LH surge
less debris (bacT)
fewer RBCs and NO WBCs

139
Q

what if WBCs are present on bitch vaginal smear of estrus?

A

then they came from the uterus -> suggests uterine infection

bc they cannot migrate thru thick hyperplastic vaginal epithelum

140
Q

bitch vaginal cytology smear mid estrus?

A

SCI 100%
NO WBCs
few or none RBCs
debris and bacT maybe

141
Q

when does mid estrus occur, relative to the LH surge, in bithc?

A

4 days after

142
Q

vaginal smear bitch

late estrsu?

A 
large number of cells 
SCI 100%
no WBCs
no RBCs usually
debris (bacT)
intermediate cells may be in "rafts" or sheets, under superficial cells
143
Q

vaginal cytology bitch

diestrus 1 (out of heat by 1 day)

can she be bred at this time?

A

abrupt and marked dec in SCI (less than 70%)
WBCs
may see diestrus and foam cells

cannot breed at this time

144
Q

bitch vaginal cytology

diestrus 1-2 - see diestrus cells. what are they?

A

diestrus cells - NTs waiting to get into superficial cells and ate into intermediate cell layers

then they appear inside the cells - and release enzymes

145
Q

how does vaginal smear of bitch change thickness through proestrus, mid estrus, late estrus and diestrus?

A

pro estrus - thin smear
mid estrus - smear

estrus - thick

diestrus - thin again

146
Q

what is vestibular cytology of bitch?

A

swab obtained from vestibular ceiling w/o advancing cranial thru vestibule vaginal junction

147
Q

why use a vestibular cytology rather than a vaginal cytology?

A

px air from entering the vagina (do this if she is near breeding time)
preserves vagina as a potential space when vaginal AI is to be performed

148
Q

how do changes in vestibular smear correspond with vaginal smear?

A

changes in SCI / NTs / etc are similar to what is seen on vaginal smear

BUT - changes occur 1-2 days earlier relative to the end of estrus

  • consider that changes in vagina are delayed by 2 days compared to vestibule
149
Q

vaginoscopy of bitch shows what?

A

visual appearnce and moistmess of folds of vaginal mucosa - indicative of predominant hormone (e2 vs p4)

150
Q

what does vaginoscopy of bitch show during an or di estrus?

A

thin walls

151
Q

vaginoscopy of bitch during pro estrus?

A

edematous w big billowy folds

152
Q

vaginoscopy of bitch during estrus

A

shrunken up and dried - pale and angular

b/c thick hyperplastic superficial cells block view of capillary beds in tissue

153
Q

vaginoscopy in diestrus or if spayed bitch?

A

pink folds

154
Q

hormones measured during estrus monitoring in bitch?

A

LH

progesterone

155
Q

when does LH surge occur in bitch cycle?

A

considered day zero - proestrus occurs first and then it is followed by estrus

156
Q

how long does the LH surge last in bitch?

what does that imply regarding how reliable of a measurement it is?

A

LH peak lasts 12 hours

hard to catch - so can be impractical if only method employed for estrus monitoring

157
Q

what are serum p4 levels used to indirectly determine in estrous cycle of bitch?

A

indirect method to detect LH surge

canine follicles undergo pre ovulatory luteinization - serum p4 increases - at time of LH surge

so LH surge NOT caused by p4 inc -> association is purely temporal

158
Q

what is gold standard p4 test for bitch serum?

A

radio immuno assay (RIA)

159
Q

what is 2 day rule for bitch estrous cycle?

A

LH surge occurs when p4 gets to 2

2 days later, she ovulates (now, p4 is above 5)

2 days later, she is fertile - oocytes ready to be fertilized )

160
Q

why does it take 2 days for oocytes of bitch to be fertilizable post ovulation?

A

b/c 1* oocytes are ovulated - they must undergo meiosis 2 to become fertilizable

161
Q

overall purpose of vaginal cytology in bitch estrus detection?

A
  • confirm estrogenization of tissue
  • indicates the time for initiating serum p4 measurement
  • indicates time of END of fertile period
162
Q

what is bitch vaginoscopy best used for?

A

indicating time of beginning of fertile period

163
Q

what is most popular method for bitch estrus detection in US?

A

p4 levels

manage difficult breeders
provides accurate AI timing

IP 11 Theriogenology (15 decks)

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