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IP 11 Theriogenology > 2: BSE in M - general and canine > Flashcards

2: BSE in M - general and canine Flashcards

1
Q

where do testes originate before descent?
what do they pass through?
where do they end?

A

abdomen

thru inguinal ring - inguinal canal and superficial inguinal ring to rest in scrotum

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2
Q

how do testes descend?

what structure is key and how does it work?

A

gubernaculum mediates descent
it shortens and swells to pull testes into and through canal

shrinks and remnant is left in srcotum

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3
Q

what structure does gubernaculum become in adult M?

A

lig of tail of epididymis

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4
Q 
descent of testes in species:
ca
fe
eq
bo, ov, cap, por
A

ca: 14 days old - 6 mos
fe: at birth
eq: 10 days old - 9 mos old
bo/ov/cap/por: birth - rest are culled so latest descent not known

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5
Q

what is required for puberty to occur?

A
  • beh to allow successful courtship, intromisssion and copulation [erection and protrusion]
  • ejaculate contains min # spermatozoa req’d to achieve preg [do not have to be high quality to be succesful]
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6
Q

age of puberty depends on what factors?

A
  • season of birth (if seasonal breeder)
  • breed
  • size of litter
  • BCS / plane of nutrition
  • housing and stocking density
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7
Q

why does poor BCS inhibit puberty?

A

suppresses LH levels so dec stim of leydig cells so dec testosterone is produced

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8
Q 
age at puberty:
ca
fe
eq
bo
ov
cap
por
llama/alpaca
A

ca: 9 mo - 5-12
fe: 9 mo - 8-10
eq: 12 mos - 10-24 or 2nd spring of his life
bo: 11 mos - 7-18
ov: 7 mos - 6-9
cap: 5 mos - 3-8
por: 7 mos - 5-8
llama/alpaca - 2-3 yrs

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9
Q

endocrinology of puberty:

in young animals, what sex has surge center?

in adults?

A

young: M and FM
adult: FM

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10
Q

implications of surge center or lack of surge center in each sex adult?

A

M - no surge - frequent pulses of LH throughout day - subsequent pulses of Testosterone (T)

FM - surge center - surge of LH occurs during estrus

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11
Q

loc of surge center?

A

hypothalamus (hypo)

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12
Q

hormone sec by hypo?

A

GnRH

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13
Q

GnRH stim what brain structure? what hormones are produced?

A

ant pit gland

FSH and LH

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14
Q

what does FSH stim in M?

A

sertoli cells to sec T

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15
Q

what does LH stim in M?

A

Leydig cells to prod spermatazoa

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16
Q

composition of testes?

A

seminiferous epithelium and interstitium

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17
Q

what is present in seminiferous epithelium?

A

germinal epithelium

sertoli cells

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18
Q

what do sertoli cells prod?

A

inhibin
e2
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

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19
Q

what is present in interstitium of testes?

A

leydig cells

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20
Q

what do leydig cells prod?

A

T

estron sulfate

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21
Q

what species seasonal breeders?

long day?
short day?

what effects on reproductive fxn during off season?

A

feline - long day - dec sperm count in winter

ov - short day - dec libido, dec scrotal circumferenct, dec semen quality in off season

cap - short day - dec libido, buck odor, scrotal circumference, semen quality in off season

equine - long day - dec sperm count during winter

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22
Q

general terms: what does M need in order to successfully breed?

A
  • coordination and control [hypo, pit]
  • prod of gametes [seminiferous tubules of testes, spermatic cord, scrotum]
  • storage of gametes [epididymis]
  • prepare gametes for FM tract [accessory sex glands]
  • deliver gametes to FM tract [ductus deferens, urethra, penis/prepuce]
  • support [musculoskeletal, ocular, GIT]
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23
Q

fxn of testes?

A
  • sperm prod in semiferious tubules

- endo gland in interstitum

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24
Q

where in testes does sperm prod occur?

A

sertoli cells - adluminal compartment specifically

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25
Q

where are mature sperm shed in testes?

A

shed from seminiferous tubule into the lumen

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26
Q

why is BM of blood testis barrier important?

A

b/c sperm need immuno protection b/c immune cells will view as ‘not self’ and will attack sperm

epitopes on developing germ cells would be recognized as foreign

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27
Q

what layer and what structures w/in that layer are important for immune protection of sperm?

A

peritubular layer

junctional complexes btwn Sertoli cells

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28
Q

what compartment of seminiferous tubule is immunologically privileged?

A

adluminal compartment

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29
Q

across species, what is avg time for sperm production cycle to complete?

A

about 2 months

feline a little shorter

clin relevant: if poor semen quality, re test in 2 months

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30
Q

what temp must testes be maintained at and why?

A

35* C - is optimal for sperm production and survival

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31
Q

function and structure of tunica dartos?

A

heat retention
smooth M loc inside scrotum - constricts scrotal skin to move and maintain testes near body

long term heat -

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32
Q

what 2 structures are important for heat retention in testes?

A

tunica dartos

creamaster M

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33
Q

what is structure / fxn of cremaster M

A

striated M

imp for short lived retraction of testes closer to body

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34
Q

3 structures imp for heat dissipation of testes?

A

scrotal skin [thin]
countercurrent heat exchange mech
tunica tardos relaxation

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35
Q

describe counter current heat exchange mechanism?

A

pampiniform plexus is testicular V returning from bottom of testis

testicular A is torturous and interdigitated btwn pampiniform plexus vessels

heat moves down hill gradient from testicular A and into testicular V => cools blood as it moves into bottom of scrotum so sperm are NOT exposed to 37* C blood

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36
Q

structure and fxn of epididymis?

A

single coiled duct
consists of: head, body, tail

fxns: sperm maturation - acquisition of motility, plasma mem alteration, gain fertilization competence
sperm storage until ejaculation

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37
Q

what is testicular orientation in dog, stallion, boar and bull/ram/buck?

A

dog - long axis oriented parallel to ground - head and body of epididymis are dorsal and tail towards tail of dog

stallion same as dog

boar - slight rotation so tail points up a little bit

bull/ram/buck - long axis vertical, head at top, body medial and tail at ventral pole

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38
Q

fxn of accessory sex glands?

what is their development and maintenance dependent on?

A

secrete components of seminal plasma, facilitating delivery of sperm

coag substance to minimize sperm loss from FMs in stallion and boar

depend on T

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39
Q

t/f - semen and ejaculate are not exactly the same thing

A

true - semen is a sample and an ejaculate is a complete physiologic sample

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40
Q

canine acc sex glands?

A

prostate

only one therefore common site for pathology

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41
Q

feline acc sex glands?

A

bulbourethral glands

prostate

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42
Q

equine acc sex glands?

MC pathology loc? ***

A

bulbourethral glands
prostate
vsicular glands
ampullae ***

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43
Q

bovine acc sex glands?

ovine and caprine same!

A

bulbourethral glands
prostate
vesicular glands (**MC path in cattle)
ampullae

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44
Q

porcine acc sex glands:

A

bulbourethral glands
prostate
vesicular glands

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45
Q

structure of prostate?

A

bi lobed gland, symmetrical

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46
Q

2 types of penis?

A

fibroelastic (w sigmoid flexure)
- narrow, rigid penis that extends length to penetrate

musculocavernous penis
- cavernous cavities that fill w blood

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47
Q

fxn of penis?

A

to deliver gametes to variable loc in FM tract (dep on species)

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48
Q

fxn of spines on tom penis?

A

to induce ovulation in queen

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49
Q

belling of stallion penis fxn?

A

stretches cervix of mare - promote evacuation of uterus following breeding (plunger/suction effect)

50
Q

what species have a fibroelastic penis?

A 
bull
ram
buck
boar
macho
51
Q

structure of fibroelastic penis?

A

firm outer tunica albugenica that px significant inc in diameter, only stiffening as cavernous spaces fill
- straightening achieved w sigmoid flexure

52
Q

structure of musculocavernous penis?

A

blood engorgement of cavernous spaces (cavernosum and spongiosum) inc diameter substnatially during erection

53
Q

species with musculocavernous penis?

A

stallion

dog

54
Q

what structure does dog penis have to help w intromission?

A

os penis

55
Q

what is BSE? breeding soundness evaluation

A

complement of exams and evals that allow us to formulate an OPINION as to whether or not a M is capable of breeding and successfully impretnating a given # of FM under prevailing industry mgmt conditions

56
Q

t/f - BSE is a guarantee of fertility

A

false

Breeding soundness does NOT guarantee fertility

poor performance on a BSE does not necessarily mean that a M is sterile/infertile, just sub fertile

57
Q

general goals of BSE?

A
  • select genetically superior individuals to promote cont genetic improvement across a group/breed/species
  • discriminate against heritable dzz
  • provision of reasonable assurance that M is capable of achieving x % preg rate with exposed to x # FM for breeding season of x # days
58
Q

indications for BSE?

A
  • select breeding stock
  • pre sale, pre purchase
  • prior to use [bulls for the season, dogs for a breeding arrangement w bitch]
  • sub fertility (infertility)
59
Q

general components to BSE:

A
  • hx - general and esp as it pertains to reproduction
  • permanent ID of animal
  • general PE
  • exam external genialia
  • semen collection and eval
    maybe:
  • direct exam of internal genitalia / accessory sex glands
  • eval of libido, breeding beh and serving capacity
  • testing for presence of infectious / genetic dz
  • collect data and pronounce classification of M
60
Q

limitations of BSE?

A
  • results valid for day of exam and for conditions under which it was performed
  • manner in which exam is performed does NOT usually permit eval of libido, mating ability or serving capacity
  • fertility is multi factorial and difficult to eval
61
Q

indications for BSE of stud dog?

A
  • usually have perceived problem:
does not like bitch
uninterested in bitch - "gay dog?"
missed his last bitch
problem pooping or peeing
abnormal discharge/blood coming from penis

OR owner wants ‘guarantee’ before committing to breeding
- scheduling and transporting animals is expensive and involved process

62
Q

dog BSE components:

A
  • sig and hx
  • ID
  • general PE
  • exam of external genitalia
  • maybe exam internal genitalia
  • semen collection and eval
  • maybe libido assessment
  • additional dx if necessay
63
Q

signalment info of dog for BSE?

A
  • age - pubertal vs mature vs senile
  • breed - heritable defects, size of gene pool considerations
  • use - show, hunting, performance, working, breeding only
64
Q

what considerations for working/show dog under chronic stress?

A

chronic physiologic stress down regulates LH and T

hard working or very lean dogs may experience this

65
Q

hx of dog for BSE?

A
  • has dog bred before?
  • by what methods?
  • outcomes? preg rate and litter size
  • has semen been collected / evaluated before?
  • tested for aby against Brucella canis?
  • other repro problems occurring?
  • general health and care of dog - preventative care, meds, vacc, etc
66
Q

litter size depends on M or FM?

A

FM - number of oocytes ovulated

67
Q

expected preg rate of dog?

A

natural service 75%

AI 50-90%

68
Q

ways to ID dog

A 
microchip
tattoo
registered number - AKC, UKC, field dog stud book, etc
DNA number
color images
69
Q

general PE of dog?

A
  • general health: BCS, skin, look for endocrinopathy
  • heritable defects
  • musculoskeletal defects that interfere w ability to breed?
70
Q

although not part of BSE, where can you refer for certifications regarding dog breeding/genetics?

A

OFA
CERF
cardiac

71
Q

dog PE BSE - general considerations:

A
  • eyes, adnexa
  • dentition
  • cryptorchidism
  • hernias
  • musculoskeletal conformation
  • exercise induced collapse
  • degenerative myelopathy
72
Q

considerations when examining scrotum and contents:

A
  • integument: smooth, thin, free of lesions/dermatitis
  • scrotal contents: spermatic cord, epididymis, testes
  • symmetric
  • owner should do this often
73
Q

if epididymides are asymmetrical, what might that indicate?

A

epididymitis or segmental aplasia

74
Q

if blood epididymis barrier is broken, what will likely form in epididymis?

A

sperm granuloma - foreign body attack

75
Q

how should testes appear in scrotum?

A
  • IN the scrotum
  • symmetrical but one may sit slightly cranial
  • freely movable
76
Q

testes size considerations?

A

should correlate with NORMAL body weight for breed/age [consider of stud is obese]

77
Q

what consistency should testes have?

what if too soft?
what if too firm?

A

firm but vibrant - spring back when pushed

  • too soft: hypoplasia or degeneration
  • too firm: neoplasia, terminal degeneration (fibrosis)
78
Q

how can semen collection be elicited out of M?

A
  • estrus teaser
  • non estrus bitch
  • secretions from estrus bitch
  • no stimulus - some do this often, are trained, and know the drill when they go into vet/for breeding
79
Q

equipment for semen collection?

A
  • semen collection apparatus: rubber cone w vial at end, funnel w collection vial, warm water bath
  • lubricant
  • exam gloves
80
Q

process of stimulating M and collecting semen?

A
  • stim bulbus glands thru prepuce
  • retract prepuce proximally to exteriorize bulb prior to full engorgement
  • clamp prox non-erectile portion of penis circumferentially
  • retroflex penis and allow M to ‘tie’ => clamp to simulate FM tying
81
Q

how many fractions are there to semen?

what is in each fraction?

A

1st - pre sperm = clear
2nd - sperm ritch = opaque
3rd - prostatic = clear

82
Q

how to assess libido in M dog?

A

use teaser bitch

83
Q

what to look for on perputial orifice of M dog?

A
  • exteriorize penis - how narrow is it?
  • congenital malformation
  • acquired stricture (phimosis)
  • excessive smegma -> balanitis or balanoposthitis
  • hair rings?
84
Q

what to look for on penis of M dog?

A
  • congenital abnormalities: hypoplasia

- acquired conditions: urethral prolapse, os penis fracture, mass lesions

85
Q

overall semen eval?

A
  • color and opacity
  • volume
  • progressive motility
  • morphology
  • concentration
  • total sperm count (more imp than volume)
86
Q

how to eval motility of sperm?
PM = progressive motility
PMS = progressively motile sperm

A
  • instruments and disposables warm (35* C)
  • canine sperm should swim fwd in STRAIGHT line
  • estimate % PM, % abnormally motile and % dead
87
Q

what % PM is normal for dog?

A

over 80% PMS

88
Q

what can be used to dilute semen sample?

A

physiologic saline
semen extender
prostatic fluid

89
Q

what direction do dog sperm swim and why?

A

fwd direction

b/c neck attaches to head axially

90
Q

how to eval morphology of semen?

A
  • sample prep / stain / oil

- count at least 100 sperm

91
Q

what % must have normal morphology?

A

over 70%

70-80% expected

92
Q

abnormal sperm defect classification?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary

93
Q

what % of sperm can have 1* or 2* defects to be considered sound?

A

1*: less than 10%

2*: less than 20%

94
Q

morphology classification considerations:
what is compensatory vs non compensatory?
implications for fertility?

A

compensatory: abnormal sperm unable to reach uterine tube or can reach uterine tube but NOT penetrate oocyte
- inc sperm count may compensate for defects

non compensatory: sperm capable of reaching and penetrating oocyte, but embryo dev fails
- inc sperm count cannot compensate

95
Q

morphology classification as major or minor?

A

major: 1* a functional defect of acrosome, head and mid piece
minor: defects of the head, mid piece and tail believed NOT to be so deleterious to fertility

96
Q

primary vs secondary vs tertiary morphology defects?

A
  • classification depends on organ of origin
    primary: occurred in seminiferous tubules of testes - defect in production
    secondary: occurred in epididymis - abnormality in latter stages of maturation or while in storage
    tertiary: post ejaculatory / iatrogenic - difficult to distinguish from secondary
97
Q

structure of normal canine sperm:

A

head: acrosome, equitorial region, post acrosomal region

slightly narrowed neck - axial attachment

mid piece

tail

98
Q

primary defects MC affect what part of sperm?

A

head

99
Q

secondary defects MC affect what part of sperm?

A

mid piece and tail

100
Q

examples of primary defects of sperm?

A
  • knobbed (lipped) acrosome
  • macrocephalic
  • pyriform head
  • diadem defect
  • double sperm
  • deatched abnormal heads
  • dag defect
  • tightly coiled tail
101
Q

what type of defect is retained cytoplasmic droplets?

is this bad for dog fertility?

A

primary defect

NOT a problem with dog [problem for bull…]

102
Q

examples of secondary defects to sperm:

A

terminally coiled tail

distal midpiece reflex w retained distal cytoplasmic droplet

less common: bent tail, detached normal head

103
Q

what is hemospermia?

what does it indicate?

A

erythrocyte (RBC) contamination

  • urethral or cavernosal rent
  • iatrogenic
  • benign prostatic hypertrophy
104
Q

what is leukospermia?

what might it indicate?

A
  • pyospermia
  • leukocyte (WBC) contamination
  • balanoposthitis
  • orthicis / epididymitis
  • prostatitis
  • can be from sheath so exteriorize penis before collection so sample is not contaminated
105
Q

how to eval concentration of semen?

A

number of millions of sperm per mL of sample

prepare sample: 1:100 dilution in buffered formyl saline

  • number of sperm in the counting chamber equals number of sperm in millions per mL
106
Q

total sperm count =

???

A

concentration (million sperm / mL)
x
volume (mL)

107
Q

what is minimum total sperm count across all dog breeds - required for dog to pass BSE?

A

300 million

although: this is low standard for large breed dogs (such as great dane)

108
Q

what is azoospermia?

A

no sperm

109
Q

what is oligospermia?

A

less than 200 million

more common than azoospermia

110
Q

what to do if NO sperm in semen sample?

A
  • determine if dog ejaculated fluid from epididymal tails or not…
  • also bring teaser bitch for next ejaculation
111
Q

how to determine if fluid in sample is from epididymal tails or not? what do you measure? what does high/low value mean?

A

conc of alkaline phosphatase in sample

high alk phos: epididymal fluid, so dog dig ejaculate
low alk phos: no epididymal fluid so dog did not ejaculate

112
Q

what is implication of high alk phos (over 5k) and no sperm in semen sample of dog?

A

he ejaculated but there are not sperm - bad news bears

113
Q

what is implication of low alk phos (less than 5) and no sperm in semen sample of dog?

A

blocked epididymal ducts - b;c no epididymal fluid

sperm may be there but cannot get out

114
Q

how to test for infectious dzz in dogs?

A
  • genital and semen cultures
115
Q

what is major infectious dz that is tested for?

A

brucella canis

116
Q

what type of test is brucella canis test?

A

serologic test: rapid card agglutination test

screening test

117
Q

what does positive and negative brucella test mean?

A

positive: false pos common bc of cross reactivity w aby to cell wall Ag of commonly encountered canine pathogens

add 2-ME to card test to eliminate cross reactivity - very effective to determine if positive is false or true

confirm positive serologic results via: AGID (agar gell immunodiffusion) test or blood culture (MO)

negative test is negative

118
Q

one of most important indicators in dog is?

A

total sperm count

119
Q

if total sperm count in dog is low, what is an option?

A

re eval in 60 days - allow sperm prod cycle to carry out for a full cycle

120
Q

if dog has compromised fertility, what are chances he will return to normal fertility?

A

LOW

re evaluate 2 mos later and 6 mos later - if still poor, he will very likely NEVER get better

IP 11 Theriogenology (15 decks)

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